Definition and Types of Illocutionary Force

In speech-act theory, illocutionary force  refers to a speakers intention in delivering an utterance  or to the kind of illocutionary act the speaker is performing. Also known as an illocutionary function  or illocutionary point. In Syntax: Structure, Meaning, and Function (1997), Van Vallin and LaPolla state that illocutionary force refers to whether an utterance is an assertion, a question, a command or an expression of a wish. These are different types of illocutionary force, which means that we can talk about interrogative illocutionary force, imperative illocutionary force, optative illocutionary force, and declarative illocutionary force. The terms illocutionary act and illocutionary force were introduced by British linguistic philosopher John L. Austin in How to Do Things With Words (1962). Examples and Observations Illocutionary Act and Illocutionary Force [A]n illocutionary act refers to the type of function a speaker intends to accomplish in the course of producing an utterance. It is an act accomplished in speaking and defined within a system of social conventions. Thus, if John says to Mary Pass me the glasses, please, he performs the illocutionary act of requesting or ordering Mary to hand the glasses over to him. The functions or actions just mentioned are also referred to as the illocutionary force or illocutionary point of the speech act. The illocutionary force of a speech act is the effect a speech act is intended to have by a speaker. Indeed, the term speech act in its narrow sense is often taken to refer specifically to illocutionary act.(Yan Huang, The Oxford Dictionary of Pragmatics. Oxford University Press, 2012) Illocutionary Force Indicating Devices There are different devices used to indicate how an illocutionary force must be interpreted. For example, Open the door and Could you open the door have the same propositional content (open the door), but they represent different illocutionary acts—an order and a request respectively. These devices that aid the hearer in identifying the illocutionary force of the utterance are referred to as the illocutionary force indicating devices or IFIDs [also called illocutionary force markers]. Performative verbs, mood, word order, intonation, stress are examples of IFIDs.(Elizabeth Flores Salgado,  The Pragmatics of Requests and Apologies. John Benjamins, 2011) I may indicate the kind of illocutionary act I am performing by beginning the sentence with I apologize, I warn, I state, etc. Often, in actual speech situations, the context will make it clear what the illocutionary force of the utterance is, without its being necessary to invoke the appropriate explicit illocutionary force indicator.(John R. Searle,  Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge University Press, 1969) "I Was Just Saying That" Kenneth Parcell: Im sorry, Mr. Jordan. Im just overworked. With my page duties and being Mr. Donaghys assistant, theres not enough hours in the day.Tracy Jordan: Im sorry about that. But just let me know if theres any way I can help.Kenneth: Actually, there is one thing...Tracy: No! I was just saying that! Why cant you read human facial cues (Jack McBrayer and Tracy Morgan, Cutbacks. 30 Rock, April 9, 2009) Pragmatic Competence Achieving pragmatic competence involves the ability to understand the illocutionary force of an utterance, that is, what a speaker intends by making it. This is particularly important in cross-cultural encounters since the same form (e.g. When are you leaving?) can vary in its illocutionary force depending on the context in which it is made (e.g. May I have a ride with you? or Dont you think it is time for you to go?).(Sandra Lee McKay, Teaching English as an International Language. Oxford University Press, 2002) What I Really Mean When I say how are you to a co-worker, I really mean hello. Although I know what I mean by how are you, it is possible that the receiver does not know that I mean hello and actually proceeds to give me a fifteen-minute discourse on his various maladies.(George Ritzer, Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science. Allyn Bacon, 1980)

Development Banks Impact on Economic Development - 3189 Words

NATIONAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS AND THEIR IMPACT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT APRIL 3, 2011 Financial Sector An economy’s financial markets are critical to its overall growth and development. Banking systems and stock markets enhance growth and are considered the main factor in poverty reduction. Strong financial systems provide reliable and accessible information that lowers transaction costs, which in turn bolsters resource allocation and economic growth. Development Banks are one such member of the financial institutions that can affect growth and development of a country and the regions within its sphere of influence if it provides the accessibility, stability, and efficiency in financial resource allocation to deficit†¦show more content†¦2. It is a specialized financial institution which provides medium term and long-term lending facilities. 3. It is a multipurpose financial institution. Besides providing financial help it undertakes promotional activities also. It helps an enterprise from its planning to operational level. 4. The objective of these banks is to serve p ublic interest rather than earning profits. 5. Development banks react to the socio-economic needs of development 6. The role of a development Bank is of a Gap Filler. When assistance from other sources is not sufficient then this channel helps. It does not compete with normal channel of finance. 7. Development banks primarily aim to accelerate the rate of growth. It helps industrialization specific and economic development in general Principal Source of Funds for Development Banks (Resources Available) Most Development Banks including the Caribbean Development Banks source of funds are of two kinds: ordinary operations and special operations. Ordinary operations are financed from share capital, the proceeds of loans raised in capital markets or borrowed or otherwise acquired by e.g. CDB for inclusion in its Ordinary Capital Resources (OCR) and its ordinary reserves. 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1994 DBQ Outline Sample Essay Example For Students

1994 DBQ Outline Sample Essay Q: To what extent was late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century United States expansionism a continuance of past United States expansionism and to what extent was it a going? Use the paperss and your cognition of United States history to 1914 to build your reply Documents: A- 1885. CartoonMain Idea: British. German. and Russian imperialists are all taking portion in enlargement into lands around the universe. in continents such as Africa and Asia. B- 1885. WritingMain Idea: White influence will shortly do an inevitable growing into all parts of the Earth. taking to a â€Å"survival of the fittest† between viing races. C- 1897. WritingMain Idea: America must react to expansionism in the Pacific by other states by beef uping its great sea power. D- 1899. ArgumentMain Idea: Imperialism and enlargement go against traditional American values. bewraying the Declaration of Independence and the Fundamental law E- 1900. AddressMain Idea: America has the God-given responsibility to spread out and distribute its influence around the universe. and the state should non give up district obtained in the Pacific and Asia. F- 1904. AddressMain Idea: American expansionism isn’t a consequence of the hungriness for land and resources. but a desire to convey assistance to less fortunate peoples and convey stableness and prosperity to their societies. G- 1900. CartoonMain Idea: American diplomatic negotiations helped make the â€Å"open door† in China. leting other states to partake in the wealth of the state. H- 1901. Legal powerMain Idea: American appropriation of new non-continental district brings about more jobs for Congress. such as the determination of whether or non to allow American citizenship to the territory’s native dwellers Thesis: American expansionism in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century was. to a big extent. a continuance of past United States expansionism. while besides going with old expansionism in some facets. Detailss: * Manifest Destiny- Much like West. America had the â€Å"God-given† responsibility to spread out and distribute its influence ( Document B. Document E ) * Imperialism was more of a competition than Western enlargement. America was viing with other states in its race to procure more district ( Document A. Document B. Document C ) During the period of clip between the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. America was traveling through important alterations. Following a revolution in Cuba against the Spanish. and the Americans step ining to get down the Spanish-American War. the Americans received several territorial grants from their defeated opposition. Thus. America started on the way to imperialism. traveling to derive several more districts in a short sum of clip. Such an enlargement in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century was. to a big extent. a continuance of past United States expansionism. while besides going with old expansionism in some facets.

Steve Anastasia Essays - The Great Gatsby, English-language Films

Steve Anastasia 3 / 6 / 00 G Nick Carraway Nick Carraway has a very important part in this novel. He isn't just one character among several others. It is through his eyes and ears that we form our opinions on the other characters. Often, readers of this novel confuse Nick's views with those of F. Scott Fitzgerald's because the fictional world he has created closely resembles the world he himself experienced. But not all narrators are the voice of the author. Before considering the gap between author and narrator, we should remember how we, the readers, respond to the narrator's perspective, especially when that voice belongs to a character who, like Nick, is an active participant in the story. When we, the readers, read any work of fiction, no matter how realistic or fabulous, we undergo a suspension of disbelief. The fictional world creates a new set of boundaries, making possible or credible events and reactions that might not commonly occur in the real world, but which have a logic or a plausibility to them in that fictional world. In order for this to be convincing, we trust the narrator. We take on his perspective, if not totally, then substantially. He becomes our eyes and ears in this world and we have to see him as reliable if we are to proceed with the story's development. In The Great Gatsby, Nick goes to some length to establish his credibility, indeed his moral integrity, in telling this story about this great man called Gatsby. He begins with a reflection on his own upbringing, quoting his father's words about Nick's advantages, which we could assume were material but, he soon made it clear that they were spiritual or moral advantages. Nick wants his reader to know that his upbringing gave him the moral fiber with which to withstand and pass judgment on an amoral world, such as the one he had observed the previous summer. He says, rather pompously, that as a consequence of such an upbringing, he is "inclined to reserve all judgments" about other people, but then he says that such "tolerance . . . has a limit". This is the first sign that we can trust this narrator to give us an even-handed insight to the story that is about to unfold. But, as we later learn, he neither reserves all judgments nor does his tolerance reach its limit. Nick is very part ial in his way of telling the story about several characters. He admits early into the story that he makes an exception of judging Gatsby, for whom he is prepared to suspend both the moral code of his upbringing and the limit of intolerance, because Gatsby had an extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness. This inspired him to a level of friendship and loyalty that Nick seems unprepared to extend towards others in the novel. Nick overlooks the moral implication of Gatsby's bootlegging, his association with speakeasies, and with Meyer Wolfsheim, the man rumored to have fixed the World Series in 1919. Yet, he is contemptuous of Jordan Baker for cheating in a mere golf game. And while he says that he is prepared to forgive this sort of behavior in a woman: It made no difference to me. Dishonesty in a woman is a thing you never blame too deeply - I was casually sorry, and then I forgot, it seems that he cannot accept her for being incurably dishonest and then reflects that his one cardinal virtue is that he is one of the few honest people he has ever known. When it comes to judging women - or perhaps only potential lovers - not only are they judged, they are judged by how well they stand up to his own virtues. Nick leaves the mid-West after he returns from the war, understandably restless and at odds with the traditional, conservative values that, from his account, haven't changed in spite of the tumult of the war. It is this insularity from a changed world no longer structured by the values that had sent young men to war, that decides him to go East, to New York, and learn about bonds. But after one summer out East, a remarkable summer for this morally advantaged

Scientific Revolution1 essays

Scientific Revolution1 essays There have been many great events in the history of mankinds time on this planet. We have gone from primates to space travelers. But many events took place before the first rocket was launched. Empires rose and fell, entire civilizations collapsed and new religions were introduced. Aristotles shocking discoveries held everyone spellbound. Then came the Dark Ages. A period of religion, and not much else. The world quietly cried out for a change. Eventually the people of Europe heard an answer. It came in many forms. From Copernicus poorly received theory on the role of the sun in our ever expanding universe, to Galileos physical proof of that theory. The Middle Ages brought scientists and mathematicians to the surface of intellectual circles. At first their views were not tolerated, never mind accepted. People had embraced the church so passionately that anything other that what the church believed to uphold in accordance to the bibles teachings was considered hearsay, an act punishable by death. Many great people died at the stake, people who may have altered the way that we think of things to this day. With every hearsay convict there was one who slipped through the tight fist of the church. Ideas flourished among the intellectuals of society. Many published their work in languages that could only be read by the educated, in an effort to shield themselves form the sentencing that the church was passing along to men who dedicated their lives to science. It was not only science that blossomed in this time of great change. New, idealistic, thinkers emerged and began to spread their views over all of Europe. These men had answers for everything. They could provide an opinion on any subject, and would be glad to do so. From new social economic systems to abstract thoughts on existence, there was no subject left unturned in their wake. Was this period of revolution induced as an act of rebellion...

1984 Study Guide

1984 Study Guide George Orwells 1984 is such an influential novel that you neednt have read it to notice its effect. With its chilling examination of totalitarian regimes, 1984 changed the language we use to discuss those very regimes. Popular terms like Big Brother, Orwellian, or Newspeak were all originated by Orwell in 1984. The novel was Orwell’s attempt to highlight what he saw as an existential threat posed by authoritarian leaders like Joseph Stalin. It remains a vital commentary on the techniques of brutal totalitarian regimes and only becomes more prescient and applicable as technology catches up with its nightmarish vision. Fast Facts: 1984 Author: George OrwellPublisher: Secker and WarburgYear Published: 1949Genre: Science fictionType of Work: NovelOriginal Language: EnglishThemes: Totalitarianism, destruction of the self, control of informationCharacters: Winston Smith, Julia, O’Brien, Syme, Mr. CharringtonNotable Adaptations: A film adaptation released in 1984 starred John Hurt as Winston and Richard Burton, in his last role, as O’Brien.Fun Fact: Because of his socialist politics and connections to the Communist Party, Orwell himself was under government surveillance for years. Plot Summary Winston Smith lives in what is known as Airstrip One, formerly Britain, a province of a large nation-state known as Oceania. Posters everywhere declare BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, and Thought Police could be anywhere, watching for signs of Thoughtcrime. Smith works at the Ministry of Truth changing historical texts to match the current propaganda being distributed by the government. Winston longs to rebel, but confines his rebellion to keeping a forbidden journal, which he writes in a corner of his apartment hidden from the two-way television screen on his wall. At work, Winston meets a woman named Julia and begins a forbidden love affair, meeting her in a room he rents above a shop in the midst of the non-party population, known as proles. At work, Winston suspects that his superior, a man named O’Brien, is involved with a resistance movement called The Brotherhood, led by a mysterious man named Emmanuel Goldstein. Winston’s suspicions are confirmed when O’Brien invites him and Julia to join The Brotherhood, but this turns out to be a ruse and the pair are arrested. Winston is brutally tortured. He slowly gives up all outward resistance, but preserves what he believes is an inner core of his true self symbolized by his feelings for Julia. In the end he is confronted by his worst fear, a terror of rats, and betrays Julia by begging his torturers to do it to her instead. Broken, Winston is returned to public life a true believer. Major Characters Winston Smith. A 39-year old man who works for the Ministry of Truth. Winston romanticizes the lives of the non-Party proles and indulges in daydreams in which they rise up and spark a revolution. Winston rebels in his private thoughts and in small actions that seem relatively safe, like his journal-keeping. His torture and destruction at the end of the novel is tragic because of the sheer lack of necessity; Winston was being manipulated from the very beginning and never posed any true threat. Julia. Similarly to Winston, Julia is outwardly a dutiful Party member, but inwardly seeks to rebel. Unlike Winston, Julia’s motivations for rebellion stem from her own desires; she wishes to pursue pleasure and leisure. O’Brien. Literally everything the reader is told about O’Brien in the first half of the story is revealed to be untrue. He is Winston’s superior at the Ministry of Truth, but he is also a member of the Thought Police. O’Brien therefore represents the Party perfectly: He is changeable as needed, weaponizes information or the lack of it, and ultimately serves solely to perpetuate power and snuff out resistance of any kind. Syme. A colleague of Winston’s, working on a Newspeak dictionary. Winston perceives Syme’s intelligence and predicts that he will disappear as a result of it, a prediction that quickly comes true. Mr. Charrington. A kindly old man who helps Winston rebel, and is later revealed as a member of the Thought Police. Major Themes Totalitarianism. Orwell argues that in a one-party political state where all other parties are outlawed, perpetuation of power becomes the sole purpose of the State. Towards this end, a totalitarian state will restrict freedom increasingly until the only freedom that remains is freedom of private thought- and the State will then attempt to restrict this as well. Control of Information. Orwell argues in the novel that the lack of access to information and the corruption of information makes meaningful resistance to the Party impossible. Orwell foresaw the rise of fake news decades before it was named. Destruction of the Self. The ultimate goal of all totalitarian regimes in Orwell’s opinion. Only by replacing individual desires with a template created by the State can true control be asserted. Literary Style Orwell writes in plain, largely unadorned language and a neutral tone, which evokes the crushing despair and dullness of Winston’s existence. He also ties the point of view tightly to Winston, forcing the reader to accept what Winston tells them much as Winston accepts what he is told, all of which is ultimately revealed as a lie. About the Author Born in 1903 in India, George Orwell was an incredibly influential writer, best-known for his novels Animal Farm and 1984, as well as essays on various topics covering politics, history, and social justice. Many of the concepts Orwell introduced in his writing have become part of pop culture, such as the phrase Big Brother is Watching You and the use of the descriptor Orwellian to indicate an oppressive surveillance state.

Multiple Sclerosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multiple Sclerosis - Research Paper Example It is vitally important to underscore the fact that there is no known cure for the disease nor has there ever been a proven case in which the body’s natural defense mechanism has been able to cure the disease on its own. As such, it is the very definition of a chronic disease that almost always is the primary cause of death for the patient who has acquired it. However, this notwithstanding, there exist various treatments that are able to slow the disease and improve the prognosis and general life expectancy that an individual who has the disease might expect to have. As a function of such an understanding, the best types of treatments that are currently available to the individual suffering from MS are concentric upon pharmacological means as well as therapy. The pharmacological means are usually based upon trying to integrate a degree of neuro-rehabilitation within the patient and seek to reduce the rate at which symptoms and their destructive side effects can cause. Moreover , physical rehabilitation is not a means to stop the disease but rather a means to allow the patient the necessary skills and knowledge of how they can seek to continue to engage in a normal life with a disease that is slowly depriving them of key abilities such as walking, using the restroom in a normal fashion, and/or vision. As of 2013, there are several disease modifying and/or alternative treatments that the US Food and Drug Administration has approved for use on individuals with MS. These are almost exclusively predicated on provide different intra muscular and interferon beta-la injections designed to provide intravenous support with regards to the degenerative nature of the disease. The majority of these disease modifying treatments are intended on masking or delaying

Strategic Human Resource Management Master Assignment

Strategic Human Resource Management Master - Assignment Example Stakeholders include employees, customers and the communities in which the organisation operates. Employees, customers and communities therefore have a significant impact on the success of the organisation and thus on the corporate strategy of the organisation. In formulating corporate strategy, organisations need to identify and priorities strategic issues, which involves scanning, selecting, interpreting and validating information. (Schneider, 1989) To properly formulate its corporate strategy, an organisation must assess its organisational strengths and weaknesses, as well as its environmental threats and opportunities, which will enable it choose among alternative courses of action. (Hofer and Schendel, 1984) cited in Schneider, (1998). This indicates that an organisation must perform a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis prior to formulating corporate strategy. ... A number of factors have been identified as having an effect on corporate strategy formulation: for example, Kets de Vries and Miller (1984) suggest that managerial personality and experience is an important determinant of the strategy formulation process; Janis (1972) considers group dynamics as an important factor affecting the formulation of corporate strategy while Frederickson (1984); Lyles and Mitroff (1985) suggest that organisational structure plays an important role in strategy formulation. Schneider (1998) citing Schein (1985) notes that National culture could play an important role in strategy formulation as it derives from assumptions regarding relationships with the environment as well as relationships among people. Schneider (1998) argues that these assumptions will influence how information is gathered and how that information is interpreted within the organization. The strategy formulation process can therefore not be considered 'culture-free' because information is embedded in social norms and acquires symbolic value as a function of a particular set of beliefs in a particular set of cultures. (Feldman and March, 1981). There are considerable differences in cultures across countries. Culture is defined as "a system of shared assumptions that has developed over time to solve problems of environmental adaptation and internal integration". (Schneider,, 1998: p. 152) citing Schein (1985); Van Maanen and Barley (1983). Culture is expected to affect the process by which the environment is known and responded to because it is thought to influence the way people perceive, think, feel and evaluate. (Schneider,, 1998). There are two sets of cultural assumptions that are thought to be specifically relevant to the

The Case of Donald Rumsfeld and Prisoner Abuse at Abu Ghraib Essay Example for Free

The Case of Donald Rumsfeld and Prisoner Abuse at Abu Ghraib Essay The report on the case of Donald Rumsfeld starts off with Rumsfeld’s hearing (May 7, 2004) with the Senate Armed Services Committees. His response to the question of whether he should resign or not; is â€Å"If I felt I could not be effective, I’d resign in a minute. † The report also gives an account of General Antonio Taguba’s investigation results of Abu Ghraib. He gives a report on the following: Conditions, training, Standard Operating procedures, prison crowding, culture and accountability. In Federalist 41 Madison notes in the Constitution two specific concerns about government power: total power of government over the people and the allocation of power among the entities of government. He states that he does not want unnecessary or improper power given to government be it state or federal. In the case of Donald Rumsfeld and the abuse of prisoners at Abu Ghraib; the soldiers believe they have the power to inflict harsh techniques on the detainees in order to get them to talk. This article will analyze General Taguba’s report. I will examine the problems in this case through the use of theories. CBS’s Sixty Minutes II releases a video with images of torture and abuse; the prisoners endure at the hands of the American soldiers. The video displays naked prisoners crawling on the floor. Some forced into sexual positions; while others are naked and blooded. The media brings this to public awareness worldwide through internet, television and radio shows. Bush and his administration allege that they have no knowledge of the problems or the allegations prior to the CBS airing to television audiences. The Americans and the Arab people express their concern with questions. Who should be accountable for the guards’ actions? Are they instructed to abide by the Geneva Convention? What signals are they receiving from superiors that this behavior is tolerable? DeVreese suggest that how the media frames issues affects how the public perceive the issues. This involves looking at an issue from different perspectives (DeVreese 2004, 36-52). The Taguba Report Major Antonio Taguba is given a directive to investigate the allegations of abuse, the failure in accountability and the escapes. In March 2004, Major Taguba reports that there is a problem in leadership. He confirms the allegations of abuse and disorder in the prison. The Geneva Convention The United States and Iraq is in agreement to the Geneva Convention. Therefore they have obligations to: (a) Treat everyone humanely, regardless of sex, beliefs, race, or status (b) Take no hostages (c) Not engage in treatment of humiliating or degrading (d) Impose executions without court approval While Military officials and most members of Congress, the public and Secretary Rumsfeld are in agreement that the United States Army is in violation of the Geneva Convention at Abu Ghraib, what is uncertain is the question what encourage the actions? Conditions at Abu Ghraib Although (BK) Janis Karpinski is commander of the 800th Military Police Brigade; Taguba’s reports that the brigade is lacking leadership and operational integrity. Taguba findings suggest that top military brass, officials in the Department of Defense or the Bush Administration is closing their eyes or encourage the soldiers’ behavior. Mosher believes that the public sector must maintain a higher standard of integrity and professionalism. (Mosher 1938, 332-342). Training Taguba learns that from the MP personnel to the 320th MP Battalion and the 372nd MP Company has very little to no training or instruction in neither detention/internee operation nor the rules of the Geneva Convention. Although the soldiers say they are trained regularly, there is no documentation to support their statements. Box’s article Running Government Like a Business, shrinking government by contracting out services or returning them to the private sector on the premise that the private sector s more efficient or the assertion that the public sector should simply be smaller(Box 1999,19-43). by the government trying to save money by contracting out; contracting companies are trying to cut cost. Training their workers would cost more money Standard Operating Procedures Within the 800th MP Brigade and its subordinate units there is a lack of knowledge, implementation of the standard operating rules and procedures. Each facility detention, compound, encampment and shift for handling of detainees and criminal prisoner’s procedures differs. There is a need for a check and balance system to maintain compliance. Coopers gives a primary example of accountability problem in war privatization, i. e. , the legal status of contractors. Neither civilian nor military laws cover inappropriate contractor behavior such as torture or unnecessary force resulting in loss of non-combatant life. This is particularly problematic in the Iraq situation where contractors are exempt from local law and they are not bound by U. S. civilian or military law. In some contracts, but not all, contractors who commit a felony are subject to U. S. urisdiction; however, this law does not clearly apply to subcontractors or to third-party nationals and the Pentagon has not written the implementation regulations for the law. In addition, because the contractor has control over day-to-day information concerning the behavior of the employees working in another country, it could be difficult for government prosecutors to secure evidence necessary to investigate an allegation of wrong doing. This is why Tagua saw a lack of training and accountability. The U. S. relieves the responsibility up to the Contracting Companies to train their workers. Prison Crowding Taguba’s report shows the overcrowding of the prisoners is one of the reasons for the poor living condition. The overcrowding is causing identification problem among the leaders in the detainee population who may be organizing the detainee’s escapes and riots. The unrest and overcrowding is due to the lengthy screening and processing and release of detainees who should not be in custody. There are three categories for releasing detainees. (1. ) A detainee can be release if it is determine that detaining them is no longer warrant. 2) If it is determine that a criminal detainee has not part of a terrorist group and that they will not be a danger to society. (3) Detainees accused of committing a crime against the coalition can be release if it is determine that they are no longer a threat to the Coalition Forces. The Detainee Release Authority grants recommendation for releases, but MG Fast regularly denies the board’s recommendations. Culture Operational Journals at different compounds and the 302th Battalion TOC reveal a lot of unprofessional documentations and no chain of command to review them. US civilian contract personnel are not supervising properly. The contractors have open access to the detainees. Accountability The detainees can move from location to another and not be accounted for; due to falsification of process sheets. BK Karpinski reports her findings and recommendations with follow ups and changes regarding the escapes and accountability lapses. Taguba reports that if Karpinski is accurate then the abuse, escapes and accountability lapses may be prevented. Prisoners of War, Terrorists and Enemy Combatants The new era of foreign policy and the promise to define the Bush presidency is a result of the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. Bush promise to find and punish the terrorists. The need for the Intelligence to pursue and prevent the terrorist from further attacks on the U. S. puts pressure on the interrogators to accomplish the mission. This relates to Eshbaugh-Soha and Peakes argument that chief executives are rather powerful in setting the policy agenda because Congress, the news media, and the public look to the president for this fact. In order for the president to set the policy agenda, he must command the medias attention so that the media is able to provide information to the public in regards to the presidents initiatives. The best way to do this is in the form of speeches or press conferences, which Bush did. | Because the Taliban and AlQaeda fighters are not under the Geneva Convention; the Administration recommendation to Donald Rumsfeld is to approve 35 full range techniques. Only nine are for exceptional use. the Military lawyer express how that the beginning of these recommendations will cause their ivilian counterparts within the Department of Defense will give approval for getting information about terrorist activity as top priority. Rumsfeld is given a memo by the same Administration warning him of a possible backlash if the nine techniques be used. The Administration also says that if the treatment becomes public, exaggeration and distorting by the media. The media will undermine the support for the war on terrorism. The U. S. officials will be facing human rights prosecution abroad and will be a ploy to have a reason for mistreatment of captured American Soldiers. Weeks later Rumsfeld denies 11 of the 35 techniques. The Media The Financial Times report accusations that official in the Bush Administration set a precedent for abuse and torture. The report reveals congress accusing Bush Administration of sanctioning torture by preparing legal documents that states harsh treatment of detainees is permissible under the United States and International Laws. Financial Times also reports the Statement of U. S. Military Lawyers regarding how they felt shut out of the prison policy. Some of the soldiers say that they are getting mix messages about the rules on prisoners. De Vrees says that news framing involves seeing the issue from either a conflict or an economic consequences perspective He suggests that this framing process determines whether the voter sees the issue as a conflict or economic issue. Here the Financial Times frame the report from a conflict. The government is seen as the ones who gave directives to abuse the detainees. This can hurt the president next election. Bilder and Vagts believes that government attorneys obligations greater than those of private sector attorneys. The client is the entire agency, the entire U. S. government, and the American public. An important difference between the government and private attorney is that the government attorneys advice does not have definitive judicial review. Because of the lack of a safety net in decision making process; there is a greater burden on the government attorney. The Military Lawyers shares with Financial Times how they felt left out of the prison making policy. In Conclusion Although the soldiers were discipline for their participation in the detainee’s abuse; U.  S. government is responsible for the detainees suffering. The U. S. soldiers should have kept their oath and agreement to abide by the Geneva Convention. Donald Rumsfeld did the right thing by resigning. Wilson theory on authority, he suggests that power and discretion must accompany responsibility and that power and discretion need to be provided to the public administrator. He adds that more power creates greater visibility which in turn creates more accountability. As the Defense Secretary he was given more power over the U. S. oldiers; therefore is more accountable. As an Administrator, I would ensure that the soldiers are trained; procedures are in place and adhere to. I would visit the prisons myself and question the detainees, their visitors and other staff to make sure that operational needs are met. Wilson theory on authority, he suggests that power and discretion must accompany responsibility and that power and discretion need to be provided to the public administrator. He adds that more power creates greater visibility which in turn creates more accountability.

Free Essay - The Token Black Guy :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

The Token Black Guy    In school social circles, I always find myself "The Token Black Guy." I thought of this term for my role after viewing an episode of Scrubs on TV.  Ã‚   I started thinking about the small number of black students at my school. It is something I have always turned a blind eye to.    I've never really been bothered about being the only black friend most of my friends have. But at times, it leads me to some stressful conclusions. I realize that I, in a way, represent the entire black community to them, as they get to know me, and see my strengths and weaknesses. It is one of the things that keeps me motivated. Perhaps I want people to see only the best in us, or perhaps it is something deeper.    I have never had problems with people because they were white. There have been, however, those who've had problems with me because I'm black. Sometimes, it's very subtle: because I am black, I must listen to rap music, play basketball or use a lot of slang. In truth, my parents make fun of me for using a lot of big words, I'm terrible at sports, and usually listen to classical music.    Other times, however, it is more overt. People come up to me using slang and gestures typical of urban African-American youth, and expect me to reciprocate. It's gone so far as for white kids to think they can use the "n" word around me. This does more than make me angry, it makes me question my identity.    Modern culture, especially that perpetuated on MTV, has given many suburban white kids the idea that they are oppressed by some business-like aristocracy. That may be true in a way, but in another, it is puzzling that the reaction has been for many middle-class Caucasian youth to adopt black culture as their own. And as far as media perception of black people, I really don't fit that mold. I am very in touch with my culture, heritage and race. And I take a great deal of pride in it. But because I don't fit the stereotype that even white kids are now trying to emulate, it sometimes puts me at odds with my own perception of my race.

Coffee Ulbs Essay

Coffee is a brewed beverage with a distinct aroma and flavor from the roasted seeds of the coffea plant. Coffee comes in many types of colour such as dark brown,white,beige,black,light brown,and more. Coffee was first discovered in the northeast region of Ethopia. Cofee cultivation first took place in southern Arabia,appears in the middle of the 15th century in the Sufi shrines of Yemen. According to the ancient chronicle,Omar who was known for his ability to cure sick through prayer was once exiled from Mocha,Yemen to a desert cave near Ousab. Starving,Omar chewed berries from nearby shrubbery but found them to the bitter. He tried roasting the seeds to improve the flavor,but they become hard. He then tried boiling them to soften the seeds,which resulted in a fragrant brown liquid. Upon drinking the liquid,Omar was revitalized and sustained for days. As stories of this ‘miracle drug’ reached Mocha,Omar was asked to return and was made a saint. In production of coffee,it consist of many steps such as processing,roasting,grading the roasting seeds,decaffeination,stored,brewing and finally be served. When processing the coffee,the berries of coffee have been traditionally and selectively picked by hand,only the berries at the peak of ripeness would be selected. After that,green coffee is process by one of two methods. Whether by dry process method or wet process method. Then,it will be sorted by ripeness and colour. After that,the seeds are fermented to remove the slimy layer of mucilage still present on the seeds. When the fermentation is finished,the seeds are washed to remove the fermentation residue. Then,the seeds are dried. Finally,the coffee is sorted again and been labeled. The roasting process influences the taste of the beverage by changing the coffee seed both physically and chemically. During roasting,caramelization occurs as intense heat that breaks down starches,changing them to simple sugars that begin to brown,which alters the colour of seeds. Then the seeds will be grading depends on the colour of roasting seeds. It will be labeled as light,medium light,medium,medium dark,dark or very dark. The degree of roast has an effect upon coffee flavor and body. Many methods can remove the caffeine from coffee,but all involve either soaking the green seeds in hot water or steaming them and using a solvent to dissolve caffeine that containing oils. Once roasted,coffee seeds must be stored properly to preserve the fresh taste of the seeds. Coffee seeds must be ground and brewed to create a beverage. Almost all methods of preparing coffee require the seeds to be ground and mixed with hot water long enough to extract the flavor,but without overextraction that draws out bitter compounds. The roasted coffee may be ground at a roaster,in a grocery store or in the home. Then,the coffee may be brewed by several methods such as boiled,steeped,or pressurized. Once brewed,coffee may be served in a variety of ways. As an example,the white coffee was made into dairy product such as milk or cream or dairy substitute or as a black coffee with no such addition. It may be sweetened with sugar or artificial sweetener.

Barriers Faced by Human Service Workers Essay

â€Å"Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile. † – Albert Einstein Human service workers act as a liaison between clients in need and the agencies clients seek to obtain help from, and while human service workers strive to provide services in an adequate and timely manner this is not always possible. Human service workers are human therefore there can be a large margin of error. All human service agencies are subject to barriers that prevent perfect service from being rendered. While certain barriers do exist in the human service field improvements can be made that can lead to greater service. In today’s society technology is dominating the workforce causing former work methods to become obsolete. While technology is constantly changing the changes made are often for the better, allowing companies to thrive and overcome existing barriers once faced. Technology not only benefits â€Å"business† companies, but also greatly improves the barriers faced by human service workers. One potential barrier that human service agencies can face is falsification on company records. Falsification of records can prove fatal, especially in Child or Elder Protection cases. While falsification of records may not be the human service workers intention it can indeed be committed when time restraints prevent case workers from visiting their clients in a given time frame. In August 2006 lack of time and falsification of records proved fatal for 14 year old Danieal Kelley of Philadelphia, Pa. Danieal Kelley a then 14 year old cerebral palsy victim died from neglect at the hands of her own mother. The nightmare of forced starvation and infection that killed Danieal while under the protection of the city’s human service agency is documented in a 258 page grand jury report that charges nine people, her parents, four social workers, and three family friends- in her ghastly death† (CBS3,2008). In the case of Danieal Kelley â€Å"the department of Human Services received at least five reports of Danieal being mistreated between 2003 and 2005†(CBS3, 2008), and while social workers were assigned to Daniela’s case, none appeared to follow through. According to CBS3 news it’s suspected that after Danieal’s death Mickal Kamuvaka the company director of the agency in charge of Daniela’s case held a â€Å"forgery fest† in her office where she had employees â€Å"concoct almost a year’s worth of false progress reports†(CBS3, 2008). The fact that no one took time to protect Danieal sheds light on the terrible fact that â€Å"some† social workers falsify documents to protect themselves. In order to prevent future case like Danieal’s its imperative that a system be in place to prevent social workers from simply doctoring records when it’s convenient for them. A method that could be used to track the whereabouts of said social workers could be a G. P. S. Agencies could provide social workers who are required to make home visits with cell phones implanted with G. P. S. systems. The tracking system could be used while the social workers are on the clock to ensure that home visits are indeed being made within the required time frame. This tracking system could prevent workers from falsifying documentation because their whereabouts would be known ahead of time. An online G. P. S. racking system called World Tracker Web GPS (webgpstrack), which allows devices to be tracked through internet access. According to Mobile GPs online, â€Å"Web GPS Track is a self contained hardware and software package that allows a user to track his assets from anywhere through an internet connected PC† (Mobile GPs, 2008). The Web GPS Tracker works by using the world tracker and a SIM card from a local GSM wireless network carrier. Once the SIM card is inserted into a cell phone, GPS tracking can begin. One’s location can then be accessed by using platforms such as Google maps. This small device can be a very helpful tool in the human service field when it’s necessary to obtain truthful information about a workers true whereabouts. Web GPS Track can become expensive depending on the number of units needed for a given agency. The cost includes a onetime purchase fee of the World Tracker unit which is $350 each. An additional on time subscription fee of 99. 89 per unit is needed to activate the account. Additional fees include a monthly service fee of 19. 98 per unit, a onetime SIM card fee ranging between $25 and $ 50, and any SMS service fee charged by a local service provider. While the cost of GPS tracking can be expensive, it can prove beneficial when proper records are needed, and it may save an agency from facing a large lawsuit because of false documentation, it could also prevent another case of Danieal Kelley. Another potential barrier faced by human service agencies is Intellectual Property Theft. â€Å"Intellectual property is anything from names, images, symbols, and designs used in commerce, intellectual property is considered a valuable asset and most organizations have protected their intellectual property from infringement by others† (Hefter,1995). Intellectual property theft becomes possible when secure information is left unattended and within reach of possible culprits. Some ways that intellectual property may get out is through emails sent to incorrect recipients, when confidential information is left in common areas, or left laying on printers or scanners. Information can also be lost when employees speak on their cell phones in public areas. Intellectual property theft in the human service field can wreak havoc on clients. Personal information can fall into the wrong hands whether it in a domestic violence shelter or and employment shelter. While intellectual property theft is very serious solutions exist that can help combat Intellectual Property Theft. Aside from agencies limiting access to non business related websites to help prevent being hacked, a program called Symantec Data Loss Prevention which is used by leading technological companies can also be used as a safety measure. â€Å"Symantec Data Loss Prevention protects companies from malicious employee behavior, pirating, or accidental leaks that expose confidential information† (Symantec Security, 2008). Symantec Data Loss Prevention works by â€Å"1. Discovery; the software finds confidential data where ever it’s stored, creates an inventory of sensitive, and automatically manages data clean up. 2. Monitor; SDLP helps a company understand how confidential information is being used whether the user is on or off the cooperate network, and gain enterprise visibility. 3. Protect; SDLP helps companies gain visibility into policy violations to proactively secure data and preventing confidential data from leaving an organization.   4.  Manage; SDLP helps companies define universal policies across an enterprise, remediate and report incidents, and detect content accurately within one unified platform† (Symantec Security, 2008). A program offered by Symantec is Norton Internet Security which performs the necessary features above. The cost of the Norton software is fairly inexpensive costing 69. 99. This cost allows a computer to be fully protected for a year before needing to renew the software subscription. Norton is inexpensive software which will help rotect company files and serves as a valuable investment, whether in a corperate office or a human service agency. Another potential barrier faced by human service agencies is the loss of data. As technology becomes more prevalent in the workforce more records are being transferred from paper to computers. As with any form of technology the possibility of records being lost is very real if computers crash or other technological difficulties arise. The best way to protect data is to always backup files. A number of technological software exist that can do this. For agencies using windows, â€Å"The windows server backup software can be used to automatically and continuously backup a number of devices like NAS,CD/DVD, hard drive and tapes† (Computer Customizing, 2008). One form of windows backup software is Acronis True Image which creates a replica of the disk image of the windows server. According to Computer Customizing this backup software helps aid in server disaster recovery by creating backups on a number of media, SAN volumes, and NAS. This software also restores huge databases and all the individual files with instant bare metal restore (Computer Customizing, 2008). This software will help protect all important files preventing valuable files from being lost. Human service workers and human service agencies are bound to face barriers on any given day and while this is an unavoidable truth there are solutions that can allow for a faster paced, safer, and more ethical workplace. While the vast majority of services rendered by human service agencies are completed by hard working human beings, technology is paving the road for a more effective work environment as long as agencies properly utilize the technological tools that are becoming available at a lightning fast rate. Technology is the way of the future and needs to be embraced in order to keep up with the times and not get lost in an overflow of paperwork which distracts from the true purpose of a human service worker which is to be an advocate for those in need.

Free Essays on Shes Come Undone

American Family The book that I selected to read was She’s Come Undone, by Wally Lamb. This book relates to family in many aspects, but I feel that the most significant aspect in this book is the development of Dolores’ life from childhood to adulthood. We are drawn into her dysfunctional family life with vivid examples throughout the entire novel. Her parents’ divorce, her obesity, her mother’s death, and her marriage based on lies are just some of the cruel experiences Dolores endured. A story of sadness and pain unfolds before the audience, and yet courage prevails in the end, making Dolores the hero she would have never believed herself to be. This story travels along the life of Dolores Price from the age of 4 to 40. We meet Dolores as the innocent, oblivious child of a dysfunctional family during the 1950’s. Her mother’s unfortunate miscarriage sets the mood of the whole novel as it causes her mother to go insane. The mother puts a great deal of stress on Dolores’ father, which causes him to cheat on her and causes that marriage to ultimately end in divorce. Dolores is then sent to live with her grandmother, who she has never gotten along with in her entire life. Throughout this time that she spent with her grandmother there was no relationship between the two. There was no communication or sense of family during this time. Her grandmother was too busy denying everyone’s sexuality and repressing her own grief over a long-dead son to offer much comfort to her disturbed daughter and her granddaughter who was falling apart. Dolores begins to have an attraction to their next-door neighbor, Jack. Her attraction, vulnerability and low self-esteem lead to her being raped. Afraid to tell her grandmother about the incident, she confided in the tattoo artist across the street. This older woman knew that Dolores must tell her grandmother at once. When Dolores told her grandmother, Jack was forced to move out. After... Free Essays on She's Come Undone Free Essays on She's Come Undone American Family The book that I selected to read was She’s Come Undone, by Wally Lamb. This book relates to family in many aspects, but I feel that the most significant aspect in this book is the development of Dolores’ life from childhood to adulthood. We are drawn into her dysfunctional family life with vivid examples throughout the entire novel. Her parents’ divorce, her obesity, her mother’s death, and her marriage based on lies are just some of the cruel experiences Dolores endured. A story of sadness and pain unfolds before the audience, and yet courage prevails in the end, making Dolores the hero she would have never believed herself to be. This story travels along the life of Dolores Price from the age of 4 to 40. We meet Dolores as the innocent, oblivious child of a dysfunctional family during the 1950’s. Her mother’s unfortunate miscarriage sets the mood of the whole novel as it causes her mother to go insane. The mother puts a great deal of stress on Dolores’ father, which causes him to cheat on her and causes that marriage to ultimately end in divorce. Dolores is then sent to live with her grandmother, who she has never gotten along with in her entire life. Throughout this time that she spent with her grandmother there was no relationship between the two. There was no communication or sense of family during this time. Her grandmother was too busy denying everyone’s sexuality and repressing her own grief over a long-dead son to offer much comfort to her disturbed daughter and her granddaughter who was falling apart. Dolores begins to have an attraction to their next-door neighbor, Jack. Her attraction, vulnerability and low self-esteem lead to her being raped. Afraid to tell her grandmother about the incident, she confided in the tattoo artist across the street. This older woman knew that Dolores must tell her grandmother at once. When Dolores told her grandmother, Jack was forced to move out. After...

How to Struggle with Writing Papers

How to Struggle with Writing Papers How to Struggle with Writing Papers For some students writing a paper is a disaster. Some of them find it time-consuming and monotonous, thus they soon become very bored. Others would rather deal with some other type of assignment. A number of students think they dont have enough skills to cope with paper writing. However, practically any activity that is new can prove to be difficult without proper preparation. People learn how to ride a bicycle, cook, or do yoga. Writing good papers is also a skill every student can learn to develop. So, why not start right now? First, many people find writing a boring activity. Of course, if you sit at your desk without any ideas on how and what to write, youll wind up spending more time then needed on your paper, and it will probably be of poor quality. You will be bored, and you will receive a poor grade. On the other hand, if you have a plan, you will know what exactly you should do, and youll have no time to become bored. Determine your priorities, break your tasks into several smaller sub-tasks and establish deadlines. By doing so, you will know that if you put something off till tomorrow, you will have to do more the next day to stick to your schedule. This may motivate you to stay focused. Another problem many students face is a lack of ideas. Well, you dont have to be extremely creative to write a paper. Just think about possible topics for your paper from time to time. For example, mull possibilities over in your mind while you are on the subway or walking to the supermarket. Take your notebook with you and write down ideas that pop into your head. Take a sheet of paper, sit down, and write everything you can think of concerning your topic, even the craziest ideas. When you are finished, you can select the ones that will work for your paper. Brainstorming helps you find a solution you didnt expect to think of earlier. If these strategies do help and you feel you are in a rut, you can always consult someone more experienced. That person might be your teacher or a friend who has already written a paper on a related topic. You could just google the topic. Perhaps someone has already explored or researched a topic that interests you. You can use their ideas as a springboard to come up with your own thoughts. Finally, dont be afraid to make a mistake while working on your paper. Keep in mind that practice makes perfect. You will develop a draft of your paper to proofread and edit several times. Once youve finished writing, though, take a break to clear your head. Read your paper the next day with a fresh mind. That will help you to perceive it in a different way. All the fragments that need to be corrected and all the mistakes and inaccuracies will be apparent to you. It may take some time, but this is a reliable method that works for many students. You may already be familiar with some of the tips described above, or you have your own methods for how to write a paper; however, all of these tips combined will probably help you make writing a paper a more enjoyable experience. Our online custom paper writing service is designed to help students with writing different academic papers contact us now!

Twilight of the idols by Friedrich Nietzsche Essay - 1

Twilight of the idols by Friedrich Nietzsche - Essay Example In the critique of this view, I have given a counter argument to demonstrate that Nietzsche is indeed wrong in his ethical worldview. Nietzsche’s critique of Traditional Christian morality can be summarized as follows. According to Nietzsche, the defining characteristic of human being is the will to life, or will to power as he variously called it. For this reason, Nietzsche argued that the main drive in human actions is the will to power or the will to life. Nietzsche saw human actions as flowing from the desire of human beings to live. To support this view, Nietzsche contended that while it is possible for human beings to forgo any other treasures of life, it is not actually possible to forgo the desire to live. Nietzsche therefore concluded that the will to power is the main driving force in human actions. The second element of Nietzsche’s view of ethics and critique of traditional Christian morality is the view that the true human ethics must be life affirming. By affirming life here Nietzsche meant that true human morality must be compatible with the human beings’ will to power. For this reason, therefore, Nietzsche contended that true ethics must be unrestrictive; restrictions hinder human beings from pursuing life itself, i.e. the will to life. For Nietzsche, therefore, nothing should be forbidden in life as long as furthers human beings will to power. Nietzsche argued that this kind of ethics will enable human beings to become superman (Ubermensch). For this reason, therefore, Nietzsche saw traditional Christian morality as anti-natural because it tries to exterminate natural passions. In other words, Nietzsche saw the traditional Christian morality as being against the nature of human beings because it discourages being led by our passions in making moral decisions ; Nietzsche saw Christian morality as a fiction (Nietzsche).

Master slave relationships in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay

Master slave relationships in Shakespeares The Tempest - Essay Example (I, ii, 519-520). The word ‘slave’ is repeatedly used in the text to refer to Caliban which throws light on the European attitudes towards the people they conquered through imperialism. Similarly, Prospero calls Caliban â€Å"beast† (IV, i, 140), â€Å"devil† (IV, i, 188) and other derogatory terms to refer to his savagery and uncivilised ways. Even though Prospero claims to have imposed penalties on Caliban for violating the honour of his daughter (I, ii, 347-48) one really tends to doubt whether Caliban really deserves all those punishments inflicted on him. Tiffany, in this respect, purports that Caliban’s attempted rape on Miranda â€Å"stemmed from untaught natural impulse than from considered evil.† However, Caliban is destined to suffer from the wrath of his master. However, Caliban is not always submissive or servile. He reacts and yearns for his freedom and rights like a true colonist. His poems display both imaginative and intellectu al capabilities. He is bold enough to state that the island was presented to him by his mother: â€Å"This island’s mine by Sycorax my mother† (I, ii, 331) and thus he expresses his rightful claim to own the island. In the same way, Caliban’s intense longing to take revenge on his master is also evident in the play when he joins with Stephano and Trinculo to plot against Prospero. His revengeful attitude also made clear when he regrets of not being able to molest Miranda. He believes that if he had succeeded in his rape attempt he could have â€Å"peopled..../This isle with Calibans† (I, ii, 350-51) and taken the power back from Prospero’s hands. Thus, Caliban’s character displays feelings of... This paper illustrates that one can find Prospero’s magical powers being highlighted in The Tempest whereas his oppressive nature is depicted as subtle. However, deconstructive critics hold that â€Å"each term in the opposition depends on the other for meaning† and as such it is clear that Prospero masterly position in the play is directly related to Caliban’s servile or beastly existence. A deconstructive understanding of the text shows The Tempest is not merely a story of an island inhabitant and his master; on the other hand, the text aims at breaking the legacy of colonialism or imperialism that underpinned Britain’s history of slavery and empire. It can thus be seen that The Tempest deals with the themes of power and control within a master slave relationship between Prospero and Caliban. Caliban remains a servant to many masters varying from his mother Sycorax, the original colonizer to Stephano whom he takes as his own master to challenge Prospero. One can clearly notice that a number of characters in the play compete for the colonial control of the island and each one has specific colonial ambitions for the island. Even though Prospero succeeds in retaining the control of the island against all conspiracies his rule and the way he treats Caliban who is the rightful owner of the island raises questions of fairness, morality and rights. Thus, it is evident that the play depicts all the necessary tensions, uncertainties and master-slave relations that characterise colonialism and both Prospero and Caliban are signifiers for the greater imperial world order.

Describe either a good or a bad experience with a sales person. What Essay

Describe either a good or a bad experience with a sales person. What made it good or bad - Essay Example I received a call from the holiday promoters that I had won a short holiday to a beach resort, and to avail this prize I had to visit their office. As advised, I reached their office and received a warm welcome by the marketing agent. Before explaining about the prize that I won, this agent started explaining about their company and various products they offered. The bottom-line information was not being provided. I had to intervene and ask specifically about the product because I did not have the time as well as patience to listen about something that I was not really interested. Upon interrupting, the agent started explaining about the prize, which was a holiday to a beach resort. When I confirmed that I would be interested to go on a holiday by using this prize, I was shown a very different picture. The agent then started explaining the process of availing this, so called, prize. I then realized this was not a prize, but a marketing and sales promotion activity. To avail the holiday, I had to spend money and would be given stay at subsidized rate, and hence was not free of cost; the rest of the costs had to be borne by myself. This was totally shocking and displeasing experience as I was not ready for such risky expenses at that time. Upon learning about my low level of interest in this scheme, the agent put me through his marketing manager. This manager, indeed, continued with the sales promotion of the holiday package and also tried to meet his other targets by promoting products like ‘life-time’ holiday membership to various destinations across the world and so on. The initial holiday package, which was promoted as a lucky prize was a trial sales purchase promotion that did not impress me and also did not seem genuine. Although this attempt from the hotel company was an attempt to reach customers, the sampling and proposed contests did not cohere with my requirements, interests and situation. Moreover, the entire process

Story About DeGeneres Essay Example for Free

Story About DeGeneres Essay In 1958, DeGeneres was born in Metairie, Louisiana. She was born the daughter of an insurance salesmen named Elliot, and a working mother, Betty, who soon divorced when DeGeneres was a teenager (â€Å"Ellen DeGeneres†, U*X*L). After the divorce, Degeneres and her mother moved to Atlanta. There, DeGeneres found her mother getting sadder and sadder. So she turned to comedy in trying to cheer her mother up (â€Å"Ellen DeGeneres†, U*X*L). As DeGeneres grew older, she has waited tables, sold vacuum cleaners, worked as a legal secretary, and even painted houses (â€Å"Ellen DeGeneres†, Newsmakers. ) DeGeneres wanted to be a veterinarian, but she was â€Å"not book smart† (â€Å"Ellen DeGeneres†, U*X*L). In 1982, she took the stage for the first time at the local coffee shop (â€Å"DeGeneres, Ellen† 1958). Later that year, she entered Showtime’s Funniest Person In America contest, and won (â€Å"DeGeneres, Ellen† 1958). That helped start her career, but the real springboard into stardom was when she went on The Tonight Show, and Johnny Carson called her over to his couch. see more:essay about growing up She was the first women in history to be invited to sit on the famed couch on her first visit (â€Å"DeGeneres, Ellen† 1958). In 1994, she was offered her own sitcom by ABC, called These Friends of Mine, but for the second season, was renamed Ellen (â€Å"DeGeneres, Ellen† 1958). DeGeneres came out of the closet through her sitcom, and quickly became a leader and role model in the L.G.B.T community. Since Ellen went off the air, DeGeneres has been in multiple movies, and has even gotten her own syndicated, award winning talk show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show. But her real success is overcoming adversity, and achieving her dreams against all odds. One thing that really influenced DeGeneres’ American Dream is where she grew up, Louisiana. I rode my bike everywhere. All over the campus [of Newcomb College]. All over uptown. You know, people can grow up in New Orleans without realizing how unique a city it is. I remember thinking that it was a really neat place. ( "DeGeneres, Ellen†, UXL Newsmakers). She gives much credit to the fact that her mother raised her and her brother Vance single handedly in the city of New Orleans. Also, one of the first times DeGeneres got into comedy was after her parents divorce. My mother was going through  some really hard times and I could see when she was really getting down, and I would start to make fun of her dancing, DeGeneres remembered. Then shed start to laugh and Id make fun of her laughing. And shed laugh so hard shed start to cry, and then Id make fun of that (â€Å"DeGeneres, Ellen†, UXL Newsmakers). Now that DeGeneres has a â€Å"voice† that people will listen to, she strives to make the world a better place. At the end of every episode of her talk show, she says â€Å"Be kind to one another†. Also, she is an advocate for marriage equality, even though her and her wife, Portia De Rossi, are already married. And if anyone is trying to do anything to better the world we live in, Ellen likes to make them known, and tries to help them any way she can. Towards the end of the second season of the sitcom Ellen, DeGeneres cam out of the closet, both on the show, and in real life. It was widely rumored and talked about, she was the canter of a huge, nasty, media storm. When the episode finally aired, the â€Å"storm† only got bigger. She appeared on talk shows, and finally, on The Oprah Winfrey Show she told her reasoning for everything she had done. After that interview, her fans started to take sides. Some stayed by her side, while others grew adamantly against her and her actions. She was even dubbed â€Å"Ellen The Generate† While she has more fans then ever now, there are still some people who despise her (â€Å"DeGeneres, Ellen†, UXL Newsmakers). Another obstacle that hindered DeGeneres, is the facet that she never went to college. When you ask people what their definition of the American Dream is, a common theme is wanting to go to college. DeGeneres had that same dream at one point, but it never worked out. She had dreams to be a veterinarian, but she is quoted as saying that she is not â€Å"book smart† (â€Å"Ellen DeGeneres. U*X*L). In today’s society, it is the mindset of the people that without a college degree, you will be a nobody, a worthless bum on the streets. And that is what DeGeneres believed, until she entered the Funniest Person in America contest (â€Å"DeGeneres, Ellen 1958). From winning that contest, she got her chance on The Tonight Show. Then suddenly, the various little jobs were no more, and she was launched into stardom. And all of that is just another example of how DeGeneres overcame adversity, social stigmas, and all the odds to achieve her dreams, even if it wasn’t in the w ay she thought. DeGeneres has had her share of hatred thrown her way. But she has managed to endure all of it, and she is in a place to help people everyday, and he  seizes that opportunity. While we still do not have marriage equality in all 50 states, she is still pretty far along in achieving her American Dream. But she is always fighting, because in 1998, Degeneres was awarded the â€Å"Stephen F. Kolzak Award† by the â€Å"Gay and Lesbian Alliance against Defamation (GLAAD)† for being an open celebrity who battles homophobia (Pettigrew, Emily). And even though she never went to college, she is glad to help encourage the young minds of America. When DeGeneres gave the commencement speech at Tulane University, she said this, â€Å"When I was younger I thought Success was something different. I thought, â€Å"When I grow up, I want to be famous. I want to be a star. I want to be in movies. When I grow up I want to see the world, drive nice cars. I want to have groupies†. Bu t my idea of success is different today. For me, the most important thing in your life is to live your life with integrity and not to give into peer pressure, to try to be something that you’re not. To live your life as an honest and compassionate person. To contribute in some way† (Moncur).

Paul’s Case: A Study in Temperament by Willa Cather Essay examples --

A Symbolic Perception Imagine being entrapped in a life that you did not feel you belonged in. That is the story of Paul in â€Å"Paul’s Case,† written by Willa Cather. He lived in a suburban home where everyone seemed the same and there was a feeling of despair. Paul, who was a young man, felt that his father, teachers and classmates misunderstood him and therefore were unworthy of his company. In the story there are many symbolic elements. Flowers, for instance, symbolize Paul’s personality and life. The parallel between the boy and the flowers is made by the author many times throughout the short story. In the beginning of the story Paul has a meeting with the teachers of his school because he was misbehaving. For the meeting Paul shows up wearing â€Å"clothes [that] were a trifle outgrown . . . [with] a red carnation in his buttonhole† (49). This shows his total disrespect for authority because he is going to get disciplined; and the teachers thought this â€Å"was not properly significant of the contrite spirit befitting a boy under the ban of suspension† (49).† The flower he wore shows that he does not care about school or his teachers: his teachers felt â€Å"that his whole attitude was symbolized by his shrug and his flippantly red carnation flower† (50). The principal also noted his conceit as he left the meeting and bowed which was described to be â€Å"a repetition of the scandalous red carnation† (51). It is almost as if the flower is his strength and reminds him of his ne...

Secrets – Creative Writing

Bill locked the last bolt on the door. â€Å"Another day finished† Bill said with a sigh. â€Å"I'll just finish putting these in the back room†. Sue heaved the last box into the storeroom and dropped it on the floor. She took the pencil out of her mouth and started marking of the boxes on the clipboard. â€Å"Nine..Ten..Ele†¦What the hell!!† She slowly stepped towards the strange object and as she approached it she began to realize what it was. â€Å"BILLLLLLLLL† she screamed. A figure appeared in the doorframe, when Sue turned around she was shocked to see him smirking. † I see you've found my little, how would you put†¦surprise† Sues mouth dropped open. â€Å"But, what, how, who is it?† Sue stammered. â€Å"Just someone that needed, taken care of. Now we're not going to tell anyone are we? We wouldn't like that to be you, would we?† he replied with a nod. Sue was rooted to the spot. She could feel her body shivering with fear. She felt like she had been standing there for hours. When reality finally hit her she let out a huge scream and ran for her life. â€Å"She won't get far† Bill said to himself with a menacing laugh. Sue ran along the cold, wet streets of Lairg, tears streaming down her face. She was distraught; she didn't know where she was going all she knew was that it wasn't home. How could she go home in this state her father was sure to notice and as thousands of questions. She couldn't cope with it, not after what she'd seen. Images kept flickering through her head, of Bills evil face and the arm. She was traumatized. Throwing herself down onto the wet steps of Spar. She couldn't think straight no matter how much she tried her mind was full of worries and images. How could she go on, knowing about that poor person Bill had supposedly â€Å"taken care of†, knowing about the kind of person Bill really is. Bill watched as the young girl slowly mounted the emergency steps to the roof of Spar. He grinned as he saw a tearful face appear at the edge of the roof. After muttering a few silent words the girl flung herself of the roof. Bill stood up and looked around for any witness'. Nobody was around. He grabbed the girls' hair and dragged her behind Spar. â€Å"I didn't even touch her† he muttered into his mobile, â€Å"I'm at Spar come and pick me up†¦and her† â€Å"So please anyone that has any information about the disappearance of Sue Macbeath contact us the number is 084† the police officers plea was cut short as Bill turned his television off. He spooned the last of his corn flakes into his mouth and dropped the plate into the sink. The familiar sound of a bell ringing on the shop door alarmed Bill, as he was busy in the storeroom. Well, he thought with some annoyance, Sue will just have to wait for now. He briskly left the storeroom, closing the door tightly behind him. He looked all around, nobody to be seen. Just as he was about to turn around and go back into the room he heard a radio crackle. â€Å"No sign of anyone here. Over.† A deep, manly voice said. Bill spun round and was greeted by an overweight, red-faced policeman. â€Å"Well, Hello young man† said the jolly policeman patting Bill on the back. Bill gave a weak smile. â€Å"Can I help you officer?† he said. â€Å"Well, as you may have already a young lass b the name of Sue Mcbeath has gone missing† he said without much effort. Bill felt like he was reciting a well-rehearsed speech. â€Å"Anyway, to get to the point† he added. † We believe that she was a colleague and a friend of yours†. â€Å"Yes† Bill gave a fake sigh. † A very good friend of min. Last time I saw her was yesterday evening, around five to six. I told her she could go early and that I would lock up.† â€Å"Did she say where she was going?† â€Å"No officer. I just presumed she would be going home like usual.† â€Å"Was she acting at all strangely?† â€Å"No officer. Just being her usual cheery self.† Bill told the officer as he wrote notes down on his note-pad. â€Å"Well son. I reckon I'll be back, but for now, don't give up hope eh? We'll find her† he said comfortingly, chucking Bills chin. â€Å"Thanks you officer. I'll be sure to give you a call if I think of anything else† And with that the officer left. Bill tapped a number into his mobile. â€Å"Darren?† he said â€Å"I've just has that police in here. I think you'd better come over.† The whole of Lairg was on a hunt for Sue Macbeath. There were new conferences on the television and reports on the radio. The plea that chocked Bill the most was the one from Sues stepfather. â€Å"She was a bright, cheery, joyful girl who had her whole life ahead of her† her teary eyed stepfather said. â€Å"Please whoever knows where she is or even thinks they know where she could be just contact us. We just want our little girl back. Thank you† It was one week on and Bill was getting ready too lock up. After spraying half a can of air freshener in the storeroom, he covered the body with boxes of crisps and sweets. It was starting to decay and Bill was dick with worry. He just didn't no where to dispose of the body. A chap on the door disturbed Bill from his thought. Standing outside the door were several policemen and Sues stepfather Darren. Bill and Darren exchanged worried glances. â€Å"Officer, I really don't think this is necessary† Bill could hear Darren say. â€Å"She phoned to say she was leaving.† Bill opened the door and the policemen swept past him. The fat, red-faced policeman didn't look so happy this time. Without even glancing at Bill he produced and important looking piece of paper. â€Å"We're here to search this building. We have a warrant.† Pointing to different officers he directed them to different parts of the shop. â€Å"And me, I'll check here† he said nodding his head towards the storeroom. Bill and Darren followed him. â€Å"Where's the light in here† â€Å"Well actually officer† Bill said pointing to he roof â€Å"The bulbs burst† â€Å"No worries, I'll use my torch.† He shone his torch all over the room kicking empty boxes out of his way. As he got nearer and nearer the body Bill held his breath. Just as he was about to reach it, he turned around. â€Å"No, nothing here.† It was the same from every officer. Darren burst into tears. â€Å"We'll ever find her† Darren cried through great big sobs. â€Å"Don't worry son, this was only a quick scan. The shop will be cornered off and we'll have snuffer dogs in by tonight. The officers were about to leave. Darren was still in tears. â€Å"Uhmm officer† Bill Said † I was just about to get my break so I could make Mr.Mcbeath a cup of tea or coffee if that's ok† â€Å"What would you like to do Mr Macbeath?† asked the policeman â€Å"A cup of tea would be great. I'll call my wife and she'll pick me up.† Darren sniffed. â€Å"We shall phone this evening Mr Mcbeath with more information† the policeman called as he left the shop. As the sound of the police van leaving got more distant Darren looked up at Bill with a grin. â€Å"Wow!! That was a close one! Now, what were you saying about the quarry for the body?† Darren said

Movie the Bucket List

The Bucket List is a movie all about two men who live their lives as if they are going to be gone tomorrow. It’s a movie about two men with cancer that share a hospital room from both having cancer. When finding out they do not have much longer to live, decide that they are going to pursue a bucket list that one of the men had made. The two men Edward and Carter are complete opposites. Carter is a mechanic that has been married for forty-five years and has two children. Edward has tons of money and has been divorced four times, with a daughter that no longer talks to him. He owns the hospital that the two men end up in with the motto he stands by â€Å"Two beds to a room, no exceptions. † This motto is what caused him ending up in a room with Carter which he did not like at all at first. The one thing that brings them together is knowing they have to live their lives up and do what they have always wanted to do before dying. They became best friends unexpectedly and did more in their last few months before dying then some people can say they have done in their entire lifetime. You should always live your life as if you are going to die tomorrow. Not in the sense that you should be miserable thinking your never going to be able to see the next day, but you should make your life the best it can be. This is what I have learned from The Bucket List, that you need to live each moment like it is your last. Some people never get the chance to find out when they will die and they do not always get to accomplish things in their life that they would like to do. However, some people would not like to know the date that they will no longer be around. Dieing is scary, and when you know when your going to, some people take it hard and instead of making the best of it, they get depressed and do nothing else with their life. This movie in a sense shows you need to make the best of it. Making a bucket list would be a good idea, so you know what you would like to get accomplished before you do â€Å"kick the bucket. † Making your life as joyful, fun and enjoyable as you can is important. The Bucket List was not made just to be about two men that are dying from cancer, but to set an example to live your life to its highest potential. Yes, the men do have cancer and are not going to live for years, but they get to accomplish what they would like to do. They go to Egypt, traveling the world, skydiving, race fast cars and eventually Edward meets up with his daughter again and granddaughter. Do not hold grudges with anyone, because you never know when something might happen and you do not have a chance to fix it. When you get a chance to do something fun, do it. Travel the country, see places and things you have never seen. Do not just lay around dying trying to comfort everyone around you when at the time you cannot even find it in you to comfort yourself. Cancer, of course is sad, painful and a tragic experience no one wants to have to deal with in their family. But the hidden meaning in the movie would be that even though you know your going to die, do not just lay around waiting for it to happen. You can still find it in yourself to have a little more fun. I do not believe I have found as much joy in my life as I would like. My childhood has been great and my family is more amazing than I would be able to ask for. However, I am only eighteen, I would like to get married, have children of my own, finish college, and travel the world. If I was to pass today, I would not think that my life would have been complete. There is still huge areas of my life that I would like to go through before I never get the chance to again. These two men make a great bucket list, one that has some things I would personally like to accomplish as well. My life has brought joy to my family, I know my parents were ecstatic when I was born, but I want to bring joy to my own family. My kids, my husband, hopefully even my grandchildren, will eventually be brought joy by myself. This is something I could only hope to have happen. The Bucket List, although is a sad movie, has its joyful and funny moments. It sets a life example to get out and do some exciting things with your life. And a deadline is the perfect way to get your butt out to do them.

German Unification essays

German Unification essays The German unification and industrialization in 1871 has multiple effects on todays Germany. These effects brought quite difference from Great Britain, another vital power in European Union along with Germany. The major effects are: 1) Germanys marble-cake federalism that differs from Great Britains strong one centralized government, 2) its multi-party political system while British frequently has single-party government, 3) its unresolved issue of collective identity where Britain has fundamental idea of its identity, and 4) its governments active involvement in industrialization. In the fourth effect, British Government does not guide the market unless in cases of crisis. Thus, Germany has taken and continues to take a very different path from Great Britain to be one of the major powers in the world. One of the major influences of the late German unification in 1871 was the establishment of federalism. Due to its unification with Prussia and many states with different background, it was inevitable for the state to completely be unified as one central government with one identity. This led to todays marble-cake federalism in Germany, respecting regional diversity. Todays Germany has a strong sense of state tradition. Compared to Great Britain with centralized policies that apply to every part of the nation, sixteen Lander, or state governments, each has considerable powers independent from the federal government in Germany. Lander mainly uses this independency to develop its own regional industrial policy for economic growth. Land government encourages banks for investment and loan and private firm cooperation in order to stimulate its economic growth. It also invests on strong vocational education in order to provide the skills to produce high-quality products. Naturally, this system concludes that each German state has the authority to shape and prosper its own state, rather than one ...

Addressing Envelopes

Addressing Envelopes Addressing Envelopes Addressing Envelopes By Maeve Maddox Heres a question from Alfonso Rodriguez from Lima, Peru: Would you be so kind as to tell me what is the correct way to write down an address when the building has no number, I think there is an abbreviation form. If any of you readers outside the U.S. know of an abbreviation that designates a building without a street number, please tell us in the comments. In the United States, new construction requires the existence of a street number before a building is built. As for older buildings, according to the person I talked to at the USPS 800 number, all buildings in towns have street numbers. Rural addresses may make use of the abbreviation RR: D.Q. Jones RR 5 Box 19 Molesville TX 77293 Many buildings have both names and street addresses. If a building is well-known in the town where it is, the name can serve in lieu of a numbered address, as long as the town and state are included. For example, an envelope addressed to someone at the Empire State Building, New York, N.Y. would probably reach its destination without the address 350 5th Ave. USPS address-reading machinery reads addresses from the bottom up: 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦D. Q. Jones 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12233 Jefferson Ave Apt 1 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Newport News, VA 23602 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦USA According to the official USPS guidelines, designations such as Apt (apartment), Dept (department), and Ste (suite) go on the same line as the street address: 234 Hilltop Dr Apt 504 Greenwich PA 23853 NOT 234 Hilltop Dr Apt 504 Greenwich PA 23853 In the event that the space available for the address is not large enough for Apt to be written out, the symbol # can be used in its place: 234 Hilltop Dr #504 Greenwich PA 23853 It a street address is especially long, some of the vowels may be omitted. For example, 23 Espendhade-Dogwood Terrace could be shortened to: 23 Espnshd-Dgwd Ter. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your Story10 Techniques for More Precise Writing15 English Words of Indian Origin

The 5 Steps to Becoming a Lawyer Complete Guide

The 5 Steps to Becoming a Lawyer Complete Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Law is one of the toughest trades to break into - there’s a lot of competition out there, and there’s a lot at stake (law school isn’t exactly cheap). If you’re interested in entering the legal profession, you should be well-informed about everything it takes to become a lawyer. Here, I’ll go through all the steps of how to become a lawyer. Before I jump into that, however, I’ll begin by touching briefly on what the job market looks like for lawyers both now and in the future. What Is the Career Outlook for Law? Before we get into exactly howto become a lawyer,I'll talk a bit about what the job is actually like before jumping into more logistical concerns (like salary and projectedjob availability). This stuff may not be particularly exciting, but it's helpful to be informed about how easy (or difficult) it'll be to find a job in the field after you're done with school. What Does a Lawyer Do? Law is a very broad profession - lawyers can do all sorts of different jobs. They may work in corporate, private, and government settings. Common responsibilities include providing legal counsel and advice, researching information or evidence, drawing up legal documents, and prosecuting/defending in court. Occupational Outlook Here's some important info about the law profession from the Bureau of Labor Statistics: 2014 Median Pay: $114,970 per year Job Outlook, 2014-2014 (i.e. the average growth in the number of jobs): 6%, which is about average across all professions The number of jobs may be projected to grow as fast as average, but there are some other important factors at play here. Namely, competition for jobs is likely to be extremely high- the number of students whograduate from law school each year is higher than the number of new jobs available. In a nutshell: the market is pretty saturated with law graduates at the moment, which means that finding and keeping a job in the field is no small feat. Even the American Bar Association started discouraging people from going to law school after the 2008 market crash - the profession is recovering very, very slowly. If you’re on the fence about law school, I’d encourage you to read this article, written by a lawyer, in the Huffington Post (fair warning, it includes plenty of colorful language). This isn’t to say that no one should become a lawyer - if you plan on pursuing this career path, however, you should be aware of all the challenges you’ll face along the way. Step 1: Excel in High School With such serious competition in the field, it’s best to take your academic performance seriously from an early age. One of the best things you can focus on is bettering your chances of getting into a great college or university. Put simply, better grades in high school → better school for your BA degree → better law school → better chances of getting a job. Law is one profession where it really matters where you go to school. Attending a top-15 law school doesn't guarantee that you'll end up with a great job, but it really helps. Attending a lower-ranked school will likely make it very difficult to find work. As such, you'll want to put yourself in the best position to succeed starting as early as high school. Follow these tips in high school to start off on the right foot: Courses There aren’t really any specific classes you can take to prep this early for law school, but you can work on developing some of those critical skills that I mentioned earlier, like writing and critical thinking. Aim to take as many advanced and/or AP courses as possible. Classes inEnglish, Government, Economics, and Math will all you well in college and law school (and will pay off even if you change your mind about becoming a lawyer). Extracurricular Activities and Leadership Extracurricular activities, volunteer work, and leadership experience all help boost your college applications. Some activities might double as a way to get a feel for the legal profession. Check out these posts for more information on these activities: Complete list of extracurriculars How to get leadership experience in your extracurriculars 9 best places to do community service If available at your school, you may want to check out Mock Trial (a club that simulates court trials),Debate, orModel UN- all of these activities help students develop writing, critical thinking, and leadership skills.If your school doesn’t have anyof these clubs, consider starting one yourself! Activities like mock trial are pretty different from what most lawyers actually do, but it's the closest you can get to legal experience in high school. Finally, high school is a good time to learn more about what being a lawyer is actually like. Here are some ways to get more hands-on experience: Shadow a lawyer. Volunteer with a local legal aid organization. Talk to any friends or family members who work in the field about how they spend their time at work, what they like/don’t like about their jobs, whether they would do anything different, etc. ACT/SAT Prep One big part of getting into a good college is doing well on your ACT or SAT. Whichever test you choose, it’s best to take it more than once - aim to take your first test fall of junior year (at the latest). Read more about: Whether to take the SAT or ACT How long you should study for the SAT or ACT Complete study guide for the SAT or ACT How to get a perfect score on the SAT or ACT College Applications If you end up at a well-ranked school, the followingsteps you’ll have to take to become a lawyer will be that much easier. Like I mentioned earlier, students at top-15 law schools have a much easier time finding a job than students at lower-ranked schools. The better your undergraduate program, the better your chances of getting into one of these top law schools. So where do you start when it comes to looking at colleges? You don’t have to look for schools with dedicated pre-law programs. In fact, some people argue that students hoping to go to law school should avoid pre-law majors altogether (I’ll talk more about this in the next section). Learn more about how and when to apply for college. Step 2: Get Involved in College You need a Bachelor’s degree at minimum in order to go on to law school, and it definitely helps if you end up at a school with a strong reputation. Once you get to college, it’s important to keep up your academic performance (your grades will be important when you apply to law school). A minimum GPA of 3.0 is required for pretty much every law school in the US, but the truth is that this probably isn’t competitive enough. Aim for 3.5+ (the higher the better). Staying on the Right Side of the Law The first thing youshould keep in mind as a college student is that any sort of criminal record may prevent you from becoming a lawyer.The American Bar Association puts aspiring lawyers through a moral character screening process (I'll speak more about this towards the end). If you’re generally honest and haven’t broken any laws, you won’t have any issues - just try to stay out of trouble as you make your way through the following steps. Choosing a Program or Major The American Bar Association (ABA) doesn’t recommend any specific major or discipline for students who hope to become lawyers.Some schools have pre-law programs, but (as I've mentioned) they’re rare and not necessary in order to get into a great law school. The most important core skills you can develop include critical thinking, logic reasoning, reading comprehension, and communication.Some majors which may prove useful for the LSAT/law school include: English Political Science Business Philosophy Psychology Math Journalism You don’t have to know exactly what kind of law you hope to go into. If you do have an idea, though, you might use that to inform your choice of major.If you're interested in corporate law, for example, you might major in Business. If you're interested in tax law, considerMath. Develop Relationships With Professors You’ll need several strong letters of recommendation from respected faculty members when you submit your law school applications - use this to motivate you to network with as many people as possible. Develop relationships with professors and mentors by going to office hours, participating in class, and taking opportunities to work on research projects. Get Involved I’ll go into more detail when I discuss law school apps, but most schools are looking for applicants whodemonstrate some sort of social and professional engagement, community service, extracurricular involvement, and/or work experience. Start by looking into volunteering with legal aid services at your university or in your neighborhood. If you'd like more ideas, check out our posts ondifferent community service opportunitiesandextracurricular activities. You can gain similar hands-on law experience by getting a student job. A position in a law firm (even in an administrative capacity) will help you get a better idea of the day-to-day work as a lawyer. A paying job also means more funds to covercollege and law school expenses. Prepare for Law School Applications You’ll have the best chances of finding a job (especially a well-paying job) after getting your J.D. if you attend a top-15 law school (remember how I talked about how competitive it is out there for new lawyers)? To optimize your chances of getting into one of these schools, start working on your apps the summer before the year you want to begin your J.D. For example,if you want to start law school right after college, start working on apps the summer before your senior year First, you should figure out whether you want to go to law school right after you graduate from college. If so, you need to plan on spending most of your senior year preparing for the LSAT and law school applications (I’ll go into more detail about the LSAT in the next section). The LSAT should be completed, and applications should be sent off the winter of your senior year if you don’t want a gap between college and law school. A small side note: there is nothing wrong with taking time off from school after college graduation. If this is what you hope to do, you can use this time to get more law experience (e.g. working as a paralegal). You'll also need to prepare those letters of recommendation - ask professors/mentors if they'd write them for you at least 12 weeks prior to application due dates. Finally, register for the LSAT, and take the exam (at the latest) in December the same year you submit your apps. Step 3: Ace the LSAT and Law School Applications The Law School Admissions Test, or LSAT, is an exam all aspiring law students must take. It’s a half-day standardized test for admission to all American Bar Association-approved law schools and serves the same purpose as the SAT and ACT when students apply to colleges. Exam scores range from 120-180 The average score is about 150 You have to score well over 160 to get into a top 25 law school The LSAT is a huge part of your law school applications - it might even be as important as your college GPA. As such, it requires that you dedicate some serious study time to the exam. The recommended study time for the LSAT is150-300 hours.This comes out to 20-25 hours a week for 2-3 months, which is obviously a serious commitment.You might want to look into a LSAT study program if you have trouble staying on track and/or motivated. The test is administered only four times a year - usually in February, June, September, and December - so plan on registering months in advance.The latest you can take the LSAT for Fall admission is December of the previous year, although it's best to take it earlier (aim for June or September). Studying for the LSAT: your new part-time job. Submitting Your Law School Applications Just like with college apps, law school apps consist of several parts. Their major components are your personal statement, LSAT score, letters of recommendation, transcripts, and resume. Let's go through what you should do to submit each of these components. I’ve already talked about the importance of preparing for the LSAT, forming relationships with profs for letters of rec, and doing well in college for a great transcript. Personal Statement Your personal statement is one of the only ways that admissions offices will get any insight into who you are and why you care about going to law school.You should write several drafts, well in advance of your application deadlines. Have a trusted prof or mentor read over your personal statement and give comments 3-4 months before the deadline. Read more about how to write a great personal statement. Resume Your personal statement may demonstrate what you think and believe, but your resume demonstrates what you actually do. According to UChicago’s Law School admissions office, schools are looking for several things in an applicant’s resume, including: Evidence of a strong work ethic Social and professional engagement Some combination of community service, extracurricular involvement, or work experience It should be polished and professional - visit your school’s career center for guidance. Submitting Your Applications All materials should be submitted by the winter before you hope to go to law school. Competition for a reputable school is tougher than it is for colleges, so you should plan on submitting more apps. Most applicants apply to at least four schools, but I would encourage you to apply to 8-10. Whatever you do, only apply to American Bar Association-approved law schools - an unapproved law school degree is basically worthless. Don’t wait until the last minute to submit all of your materials. This doesn’t leave you any extra time to fill any gaps in your application, or opportunities to fix any issues. Finally, you should be prepared for potentially uncomfortable application costs. Some applications are free, but others may cost $100 or more. It may be helpful to start budgeting for these expenses a few months before applications are due. Step 4: Earn Your JD at Law School It’ll take you three years to earn your law school degree. If you want one to find success after graduation - no matter what type of law you hope to go into - you’ve got to do well in law school. The way students are graded here is very different from how they’re graded in college. Here are some important things you should know before heading off to law school: Your first year is really important. Law firms usually hire summer associates at the beginning of the second year - at this point, only grades from your first year will be available. The type of jobs available to you as a student - and after graduation - will be heavily dependent on your grades from 1L. Your grades are mostly dependent on your exam performance. You’ll receive few (if any) graded assignments outside of your final exams. This means that it’s important to keep up with your work and your reading through the entire semester. Plan on keeping meticulous notes. You’ll be learning about a lot of cases, and it’s important that you’re able to easily access notes from class about each one. It’s not uncommon for professors to allow notes in some final exams. Many successful students form study groups to work together to share notes. Do your readings and prepare to get cold-called. Law professors are notorious for cold-calling on students in class, so you’ll want to do the reading (and take notes) prior to heading to lecture. You want to make a good impression on your profs! You'd think that acing your classes is the last big step to becoming a lawyer - but there's so much more to do. The MPRE While you’re in law school, you may have to take the MPRE (Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination), which is requiredfor admission to the bars of most states. The examination is meant to test students' knowledge and understanding of established standards related to a lawyer's professional conduct. When you need to take it, and the minimum passing score, varies based on your jurisdiction. For example, some states requireyou to pass it before you take the bar exam(sometimes months in advance). Do your research on what’s required in your jurisdiction (or where you hope to practice in the future) early on in law school. Professional Experience A big part of law school involves networking (and just plain working) in an effort to secure a job before you even graduate. You’re going to be very busy keeping up with your schoolwork, but, if possible, it’s to your advantage to work parts of possible jobs include assistant, file clerk, messenger, or intern (paid or unpaid). More importantly, you'll want to start thinking about landing those summer associate and internship positions. The best way to secure these jobs while you're in school is to network as much as possible - attend student events, communicate with your profs, and be on the lookout for recruiters. Unfortunately for students without a ton of available resources, many legal internships (even at very prestigious firms) are unpaid. Some law students take out loans, in addition to loans that they use to pay for tuition, to cover expenses associated with taking summer internships. This is important to consider as you budget for both law school and your career after you pass the bar. Be conscious of the sort of internships and associate positions you seek out for yourself. Oftentimes (if you do well), these employers will offer you a full-time job after you graduate. In fact, it’s pretty normal to have a job like this lined up in your third year of law school. To sum up: the better your grades (especially your first year), the better your summer job opportunities. The better your summer job opportunities, the more likely you are to land an awesome job after graduation. Unpaid internships are not ideal, but they may be necessary if you want to land a great job after law school. Step 5: Pass the Bar Exam In order to practice law in the US, you have to pass the Bar exam. Most students do this the summer after they graduate from law school, when information is still fresh in their minds. The exam varies by state, but some parts are standardized: MEE: Essay exam MPT: Performance Test The Bar: A separate test administered by each jurisdiction/area Mostexamslast two days total, although some states (e.g. CA) have 3-day exams. To find out more about what the exam is like in different jurisdictions, check out the National Conference of Bar Examiners’ website. Preparing for the Bar The Bar is a notoriously difficult exam. Pass rates vary by state, although some states (again, like CA) have rates as low as 46.6%. It doesn’t matter how well you do as compared to other test-takers, as long as you pass. You’ll have to prep for all areas of law that will show up on the test, even if you don’t plan on practicing in most of them. These areas include: Constitutional law Contracts Criminal law and procedure Evidence Real property Torts One expert suggested that if you’re preparing for the California Bar Exam - one of the most difficult in the country - you should study for 400 to 600 hours.If you study for 20 hours a week, that comes out to 20-30 weeks of prep time. You’ll have to start studying for the bar while you’re still a 3rd year student if you follow the traditional timeline - this may prove helpful if you’re able to form a study group with others. There are a few different ways to prep for the bar exam: Independent study. This may work for students at a well-reputed law school who are also performing well in their classes. A quality education + strong foundational knowledge are the factors that most positively affect performance on the bar, but students would still of course need to spend significant time preparing. A bar prep course. Law students commonly take prep courses when they want a solid review schedule that will keep them on track. There’s a lot of material to cover, and a good course helps you make sure there aren’t any major gaps in your knowledge of content or strategy. They can be very expensive, however - most are several thousand dollars. Check out Barbri.com, Kaptest.com, and Adaptibar.com (a less expensive, supplemental option). A private tutor. Students who attend a poorly-ranked law school, whose grades weren’t up to par, or who have failed the bar before may want to consider this option. If you choose to seek out a tutor, choose someone with glowing recommendations and years of tutoring experience - they won’t come cheap, but they’re also less likely to waste your time and money. Like I mentioned earlier, most students plan on taking the bar (in the jurisdiction they plan to practice) the summer after they graduate from law school. Read a more detailed guide onpreparing for and taking the bar exam. Final Steps: Beyond the Bar If you’ve made it this far, you know that there are so many hoops to jump through for aspiring lawyers. Once you’ve passed the bar and gotten a job, however, you should know you’re not quite done! Continuing Legal Education (CLE) is an important part of staying informed and up-to-date.Information on state-by-state requirements for CLE available through the American Bar Association. Fortunately, it’s not too big of a deal when compared to all of the education and exams you would have to endure through this point. Finally,The ABA puts aspiring lawyers through a moral character screening process. If you’re generally honest and haven’t broken any laws, you won’t have any issues.The process varies by state - see CA as an example. How to Become a Lawyer: Summary This is a ton of information to take on at once, especially if you’re at the beginning of this process (or even if you’re still unsure about becoming a lawyer). Let's review the five main steps: Do well in high school. Study hard and get involved in your community in college. Prepare for the LSAT and give careful thought to your applications. Attend law school. Pass the bar exam and become licensed to practice law. This process may feel overwhelming, but here are a few important things to keep in mind: The path to becoming a lawyer is fairly flexible until you actually have to submit law school applications. This gives you tons of time to figure out whether the path is right for you. You don’t have to think about all of these steps at the same time. Once you’re in law school, your peers will be thinking about (and worrying about) the same things - there’s no way you’ll forget any important steps. Becoming a lawyer is definitely not for everyone - it’s a particularly competitive field right now, and most lawyers’ jobs are nothing like what you see on TV. But if you decide you want to enter the legal profession, you now have the info you need to start off on the right foot. What's Next? You have a lot to think about, but remember: you just have to take it one step at a time. To give yourself a head start, think about seriously preparing to get into a great college. Read about how to get a perfect score on the ACT or the SAT, and check out our guide on how to get into an Ivy League school. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: