Protagonists Montresor and Fortunato in Poes The Cask Of Amontillado E

Protagonists Montresor and Fortunato in Poes The Cask Of AmontilladoPoes story The Cask Of Amontillado introduces two protagonists, Montresor and Fortunato who were friends. The encounters the two men had was hatred and revenge that turned to murder on the behalf of Montressor. The encounter for Fortunato was the mien of his naivety but he encountered a deadly consequence.Montressor was an angry but proud man who tangle that the was wronged. His vowed revenge(Sipiora 240) was made and the execution was implimented in the catacomb pretermit of his home. Montressors deep hatred for Fortunato was due to Montressors feeling of deprivation of being rich, respected, admired, beloved, you are happy, as I once was(Sipiora 241-242). He was also envious of Fortunatos being a wine connisseur that readily bought wine whenever he wanted as well as being a member of mason. Montressor considered himself a skillful(Sipiora 240)connisseur and bought whenever he could(Sipiora 240). Yet, Montressor felt Fortunato was resposnsible for his loss of status, happiness, love and res...

Mainstreaming Disabled Students Essay -- Teaching Education Inclusion

Mainstreaming Disabled StudentsAccording to the Curry School of Education, approximately 80% of students with learning disabilities receive the majority of their instruction in the general classroom (Inclusion. http//curry.edschool.virginia.edu/curry/dept/cise/ose.html. 10 Oct. 1999). That number is expected to rise as teachers and p arents become sensible of the benefits of inclusion. Because there are so many disabled students in unwavering schools, it is important to look at whether or not mainstreaming is necessary for their education. For parents, having their disabled children mainstreamed into regular education can be a difficult choice. Although disabled childrens education can be more challenging in regular schools, the benefits of inclusion include enhanced self-esteem, development of social skills, and exposure to regular curriculum. Many people believe mainstreaming only helps disabled children, but there are many challenges that hurt their education rather than help. B oth cleverness and students can be cruel to disabled students. Because they are not used to interacting with disabled children, faculty and students may be uncomfortable with the situation and be insensitive to the disabled children. By ignoring the disabled children or treating them badly, the children will lose self-esteem and may cut off the class in order to show their unhappiness. Some teachers are not familiar with teaching disabled children, so the education is lacking for the children....

On The Road Not Taken Essay -- Robert Frost Road Not Taken Poem

On The Road Not Taken Most people believe that The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost was written to inspire people to be different, and to not follow the majority. However, the poem was actually written to gently tease unrivaled of Frosts good friends, and pest poet, Edward Thomas. Frost and Thomas would take walks in the woods together, and Thomas would take Frost down one path and later regret not choosing a different path. This would lead one to believe that Frost is actually ridiculing the action of regretting decisions. Considering this pert nit background information, the poems meaning can be quite contrary to customary belief. It guides the reader from the melodic theme that Frost wants you to differentiate yourself, to a concept of perseverance and self confidence. Upon further analysis of the poem, more sarcasm is unveiled in some(prenominal) the title and the poem itselfInitially The Road Not Taken is quite stereotypical and inspirational in manner. At first glanc e the poem radiates a feeling that its alright to take the road less traveled, and that good fortune may follow from making seemingly unorthodox decisions. Frost illustrates an idea of identity in the last two lines, I took the one less traveled by/ and that has made all the difference (19-20). In the last stanza of the poem, the speaker explains that many another(prenominal) years later he will tell the story of how taking the road less traveled has changed his life. Viewed from an analytical standpoint many examples of subtle irony can be found.Frosts choice of words in the title is very peculiar. It seems as though Frost purposely chose the word taken. If the poem was meant to be inspirational, chosen would be a better fit for the title. The word chosen would clar... ...the poem The Road Not Taken, one would come across an idea that is quite different, but still in good faith. The poem has two sides a noble side and a mischievous side. The noble side focuses on making de cisions and following through with them, showing perseverance, and self confidence. On the other hand, the mischievous side is focused more on being different and creating a path through life in which one forges with self-righteous decisions. In teasing a good friend, Frost shows the importance of having faith in the decisions one makes, and realizing that it doesnt matter what path someone takes or chooses, if they have a strong will and good faith anything can happen.Works CitedLauter, Paul. The Heath Anthology of American publications Concise Edition. Boston Houghton Mifflin Co., 2004.Wikipedia. 2004. Wikipedia online. 24 Mar. 2007

Macbeth :: essays research papers

The Influence of External ForcesThere were homoy external forces that influenced Macbeth on making his major decision. The decision was whether or no to kill male monarch Duncan. These forces were the apparitions, the old witches, and Lady Macbeth. The apparitions influenced Macbeth by making him think he was invincible. The witches influenced Macbeth by coition him that he was going to become king. Lady Macbeth also influenced him by emasculating him. Although these factors influenced Macbeth, it was still his choice to act upon this decision. Still, no matter how hard Macbeth tried, he could not countermand the influence of what others had to say.The first external force that influenced Macbeth was the apparitions. The apparitions influenced Macbeth by making him think he was invincible. The first apparition said, Macbeth Macbeth Macbeth Beware Macduff Beware Thane of Fife, dismiss me enough.(act 4, scene 1, lines 71-73) This meant that Macbeth, had to pathfinder out for Macd uff, the Thane of Fife . The second apparition said, Be bloody, bold, and resolute, Laugh to scorn the power of man, for none born of woman shall harm Macbeth.( act 4, scene 1, lines 78-81) This meant that no man that was born out of the female birth canal could harm Macbeth. This statement contradicts the one statement made by the first apparition. Macbeth thought that since Macduff was human that he had to have been born through the birth canal. Macbeth did not know that Macduff was born by c-section, he was untimely ripped. The third apparition said, Be lion-mettled, proud and issuing no care of who chafes, who frets, or where conspires are Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him.(Act 4, Scene 1, Lines 89-94) This means that Macbeth should be stalwart and proud. It also means that Macbeth will not be killed until the forest marches up to his castle. Macbeth thinks though that that was absurd. He never imagined the forest walking. The forest did walk though. It walked when Macduff and his associates camouflaged themselves with it, and attacked Macbeths castle. The apparitions made him feel like he could do anything. Then he decided to take out Duncan.The witches also influenced Macbeth in killing King Duncan. They told Macbeth that he was going to become king. The first witch said, All hail, Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis.

Electoral college :: essays research papers

A common misconception among American is that when they right to vote they elect the President. The truth is not nearly this simple. What in fact happens when a person votes is that in that location vote goes for an Elector. This Elector (who is selected by the respective state in which a vote is cast) casts ballots for two individuals, the President and the Vice-President. Each state has the same number of electors as there are Senate and House of Representative members for that State. When the voting has stopped the candidate who receives the majority of the electoral votes for a state receives all the electoral votes for that state. All the votes are catching to Washington, D.C. for tallying, and the candidate with the majority of the electoral votes wins the presidency. If no candidate receives a majority of the vote, the responsibility of selecting the next President falls upon the House of Representatives. This elaborate system of presidential selection is thought by many t o be an 18th century anachronism (Hoxie p. 717), what it is in fact is the product of a 200 year senescent debate over who should select the President and why. In 1787, the Framers in their infinite wisdom, saw the need to respect the principles of both Federalists and States Righters (republicans) (Hoxie p. 717). Summarily a compromise was strike between those who felt Congress should select the President and those who felt the states should have a posit. In 1788 the Electoral College was indoctrinated and placed into operation. The College was to allow people a say in who lead them, but was also to protect against the general publics ignorance of politics. Why the fear of the peoples ignorance of politics? It was argued that the people, left to their own devices could be swayed by a a few(prenominal) designing men to elect a king or demagogue (McManus p. 19). With the Electoral College in place the people could make a screened decision slightly who the highest authority in th e land was to be (Bailey & Shafritz (p. 60) at the same time the fear of the newly formed nation being destroyed by a demagogue could be put to rest because wiser men had the final say. 200 years later the system is still designed to safeguard against the ignorant capacities of the people. The Electoral College has remained relatively unchanged in form and function since 1787, the year of its formulation.

Electoral college :: essays research papers

A common misconception among American is that when they vote they elect the President. The truth is not nearly this simple. What in position happens when a person votes is that there vote goes for an Elector. This Elector (who is selected by the respective put in in which a vote is cast) casts b aloneots for two individuals, the President and the Vice-President. Each state has the same number of electors as there are Senate and House of Representative members for that State. When the voting has stopped the candidate who receives the majority of the Electoral votes for a state receives all the electoral votes for that state. All the votes are transmitted to Washington, D.C. for tallying, and the candidate with the majority of the electoral votes wins the presidency. If no candidate receives a majority of the vote, the responsibility of selecting the next President waterfall upon the House of Representatives. This elaborate system of Presidential selection is thought by many to be a n 18th century anachronism (Hoxie p. 717), what it is in fact is the reaping of a 200 year old debate over who should select the President and why. In 1787, the Framers in their infinite wisdom, saw the need to respect the principles of two Federalists and States Righters (republicans) (Hoxie p. 717). Summarily a compromise was struck between those who felt Congress should select the President and those who felt the states should have a say. In 1788 the Electoral College was indoctrinated and laid into operation. The College was to allow community a say in who lead them, but was also to protect against the general publics ignorance of politics. Why the fear of the peoples ignorance of politics? It was argued that the people, left to their possess devices could be swayed by a few designing men to elect a king or demagogue (McManus p. 19). With the Electoral College in place the people could make a screened decision about who the highest authority in the land was to be (Bailey & Shafritz (p. 60) at the same time the fear of the newly formed earth being destroyed by a demagogue could be put to rest because wiser men had the final say. 200 years later the system is calm down designed to safeguard against the ignorant capacities of the people. The Electoral College has remained relatively unchanged in form and function since 1787, the year of its formulation.

My Dinner with Andre Essay

This is defiantly a hard to pick which side to go with. With Wally if you in a comfort spot or you feel comfortable and so you have to be happy because youre in your comfort zone. He and his wife got an electric blanket as a gift and he doesnt know how he could live without it. With the electric blanket they washbasin depend on it staying with the cold w tucker outher in New York. In a focal point it protects him because if wasnt warm thusly he could die of hypothermia. He also feels a whole lot better when he wakes up. His dreams are also better.It effective seems like everything is better. With Andre he says that you dont get to the world. Its not only dangerous because you could get electrocuted solely also it could kill you. You dont give what your body needs. He says the body needs different things like how Lady Hatfield only ate chicken. Since she only ate chicken her body starved and then she died. You also dont get to experience the world. You get to think of things lik e I get to snuggle with cause its cold or you find out that you like the cold.I could how Wally is right because if youre comfortable then you must be happy. I could also see how Andre is right because then you get to experience things you wouldnt of before. I would have to choose Andre on this subject. If youre in your little bubble you dont get to do thing that are fun to do. You just kind of tease there with yourself and what like Andre said its like your dying. It is a little murder. Of course you wouldnt be arrested for because well youre dead and it would kind of pointless to arrest a person that is dead.You dont get to live life to the fullest. You cant bid China or bungee jump if youre under the electric blanket. You dont fill yourself up if you just eat chicken every night for so many years. Youre just not giving the body what it needs. How could you be really living if youre academic session there under an electric blanket? Yeah you are happy because youre in your comf ort zone under the warm blanket but just sitting there cant really be living. The human body wasnt meant to just lie around and just sit there like a couch potato.Thats way on peoples bucket list its not I want to sit around observance SportsCenter (which in my opinion isnt a bad choose), its things like climb Mt. Everest, run with the lions, play a round of golf with Arnold Palmer, or go visit the country side of Italy. You have to get out from under the blanket and go do stuff. See what the world has to offer. Do the bad, do the good, and do some(prenominal) you can do now. This is way I choose to go with Andre. To live life or to say what is really good is to do stuff from under the electric blanket.

Owen’s presentation of war and soldiers in ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ and ‘Disabled’ Essay

When World War 1 broke out in 1914, most of Britain rejoiced. T present was a festinate to join the army and many young men did as they decided it was their patriotic duty to fight for their mother kingdom. Many also join the army because they thought the war would be an adventure and because war was being glorified and made into an exciting game at that metre. Being a soldier gave you a higher status and a public respect. These ideas were reflected in many early war rimes such as Rupert Brookes The Soldier and Jessie Popes Whos for the Game?In the numbers the The Soldier Brooke gives war a clean, sanitized and idealistic look, such as making England seem the perfect drift and associating England with only good names (For example peace and friends laughter.) Brooke also makes war sound romantic as he makes it sound dashing and glorious wish well a cavalry charge and he then omits all the actual fighting and getting wounded, gassed, shot, maimed or injured. The poem is most being a hero and being taken to heaven.Patriotism is reflected in the poem as Brooke makes it sound as if you are English and you die for England, you are precious Englands richer dust is contained in you and when you die you make the land where you have fallen part of England. There is a repetition of England and whenever England is mentioned good things are said about it. There is also the implication that God is on Englands side, this is shown in the poem as Brooke makes the endorser think that our soldiers are being blessed by God. For example blest by suns of home. Brooke also suggests that it is your patriotic duty to go and fight for the country that bore, shaped and made you aware and gave you life.You must repay her by fighting Englands enemies. England is also personified as a mother because war was a call to mans protective instinct and possibly to his chivalry. As the war progressed the views about the war changed as well. More people stopped thinking that the war was g lorious and exciting and they began to realise just how deadly and formidable war was. They also realised the cost of war was damaging to the country, non just economically moreover also through by the huge rime of the dead and wounded. People began to wonder whether the consecrate of these men was worth the benefits of the war and whether there was even any point to the war. The war poems written at that time began to show this contrast. The early, nave poems of Brooke and Pope contrast with the experienced poems of Owen. The ideas that they had on war were clearly different.In the poem Dulce et Decorum Est Owen provides the ratifier with a realistic exhibit of the war in the trenches and the soldiers fighting in the war. Owen gives the reader the perils of that the soldier faced e trulyday, (for example dangers of fighting and being shot or gassed,). Owen uses very physical and natural imagery to describe what happens (For example Bent double, alike old beggars under sack s, knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed throughout the sludge. and Men marched asleep.Many had lost their boots but limped on, blood shod, all went lame all blind drunk with fatigue.) As you can see even from these couple of lines in the poem Owen uses physical explanation to help the reader visualise what is happening and what it was like to be out there. There is some very graphic imagery in the poem, (For exampleFlound beleaguer like a man on fire or lime Dim under a green sea I saw him drowning. In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, he plunges at me guttering, choking, and drowning). Also in the poem there is some more graphic description about how what happened to this deplorable soldier after he got gassed (white eyes writhing in his face, his hanging face, like a devils sick of sin, at every jolt, the blood enter gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs).Owen also in the poem places the reader in the actual experience (For example If in some smothering dreams y ou too could pace behind the police wagon we flung him in.) By recreating a specific moment in the poem, the gas attack Owen lets the reader enter and be part of the poem. Owen does non just place the reader in the experience he also directly addresses the reader by using words like my friends and you in the poem (For example If you could hear. My friend, you would not.) There is also reader involvement in the Old Lie at the end of the poem as Owen says with certainty that if you could see what it was like here you would not tell the children the Old Lie?The tone of the poem is very bitter and angry and in some parts there is a very sarcastic and negative attitude In the lines If in some smothering dream you too could pace the words if and you suggest that he is angry because the word if suggests that the reader doesnt know just how bad it was out there and the word you separates the reader from Owen and suggests that the reader is safe at home. There are ironical moments in the p oem as the title of the poem is ironic. The last lines contradict the title of the poem Dulce et Decorum Est which means that it is sweet and right to die for your country. This is a sarcastic comment in the poem as Owen was trying to show the reader that it was not right to die for your country.Owen also wrote another poem called Disabled which contrast with Dulce et as in Dulce et Owen is describing the realities of war while in Disabled Owen is writing about the results or aftermath of the war for one feature badly wounded soldier. The poem is not as physically or graphically descriptive as Dulce et was Disabled is more reflective and sorrowful, (for example straightway he will never feel again how girls waists are, or how warm their subtle hands) There is quieter language used in Disabled, for example not as loud or shocking words were used by Owen in Disabled unlike Dulce et The poem shows how he lost his youth, future, limbs, hope and his rule life and how knows he has to live in hospitals waiting for death doing things that only the rules consider wise. The young man fought for his country and was wounded for it but he is not treated like a hero. He is shoved into a hospital like a diseased man and Owen stresses his bitterness about how he is treated in the poem.(for example All of them touch him like some queer disease) Owen focuses on one normal young man but this man represents millions of others like him and it showed the reader that their brother, husband, father could be facing or could be soon facing the consequences of fighting for your country like this young man did. It also lets the reader understand the perils of war on a personal level.In the poem there is a question being asked to the reader although not directly, and the question asked is whether the sacrifice of millions of young mens futures, lives, hopes and dreams was worth the countries involvement in the war, and again as in Dulce et Owens answer is no, that it is not right to t hrow your future away for the country or for your country to expect this from you. The poem therefore shares some of Dulce et bitterness and anger at the war. I can wonder aspects of Brookes poem after reading Owens as Brooke was an idealistic even romantic man and he was obsessed with war and also Brooke was a patriot and I admire him as he was not hesitant to sign for the army and these character points are reflected in his poem. Brooke was however nave and inexperienced so he genuinely didnt know fully about war and this too is reflected in his poem.

Contemporary poetry and Nature Essay

Technically, Contemporary poetry is pen after the start of the 1920s, especially poetry is connected with modern literary genres, such as modernism and post-modernism. Poetry often involves nature in its description. Though inspiration as a poet truly derives from within, nature can turning as a tool to enhance imagination and devices used in our poetry. Poets have for ages seen nature as a reflection of the human experience. Poets in their make-up usually use two devices to relate to nature personification and analogy. Reading modern poems about nature provides a double joy of learning and poetic appreciation.Most modern poets who write about nature are knowledgeable about it. These poets study nature they dont merely romanticize it. And the much they study, the more they seem to discover its uniqueness and preciousness at a very deep core. The types of relationships that human beings have with nature can be sorted out, though these categories often overlap in actual literatur e because our relationship with nature, like all human relationships, is complex and multi-faceted. But for the sake of analysis, we can intuitive feeling at these relationships between human beings and nature Man as a part of natureMan apart from natureMan in bout with natureMan and nature separate but coexistentMan and nature separate and adversarialNature superior to human beingNature subordinate to humanityNature and humanity equalsFor example, the poem Daffodils No More, written by the contemporary ecopoet Gordon J.L. Ramel. This work is a serious parody of an earlier poem Daffodils written by the English poet William Wordsworth in 1804. In that poem, Wordsworth wrote of the beauty of wild daffodils and how they inspired him. He also mentioned seeing large numbers of this plant Ten 1000 saw I at a glance, tossing their heads in sprightly dance. In Daffodils No More, Gordon J.L. Ramel draws our attention to the fact that the number of wild daffodils in England has declined g reatly since Wordsworths day. In addition, the abundance of many other organisms.

The Categories of Value

Its easy to assign Importance factors or risk categories to inanimate objects such as buildings, bridges, airplanes, dams, cars, and buses. It is agreeable to say that the structural integrity of a hospital is more important than that of a single family residence especially, in the case of an emergency. When assigning importance or value to individual lives, we are confronted by an overwhelming social dilemma How does society assign value to someones aliveness?The essence of vivification or simply living and give the opportunity to become a contributing member of society is priceless and has an unsurmountable monetary value however, within the constraints of the society we live in, we are squeeze to assign a monetary value to an individual life. If we strip away what makes us human our souls we can assign value and categorize human life by the sum of their component parts to society and the impact their absence would make. Those that commit horrible crimes and contribute negati vely to society go to the commencement exercise division.Those who contribute very tiny or havent had the chance to contribute to society belong to the second category. Those contributors whose sudden absences affect a small amount of people belong to the leash category. Those whose sudden absence affects more people belong to the stern. Finally, those whose sudden absence can affect an entire society for generations to come belong to the fifth category. Murderers and individuals who wish harm on innocent people belong in the first category. They are in the first category due to their lack of contribution and harm to our society.Truly without them there would be less damage and fear in todays world. You can easily distinguish the disparity between the first and second category in the perspective of comparing them to someone in the second category, such as children and individuals whose lives were cut short, and sadly unable to even beat to contribute to society the ones in the first category are the ones who usually end up in prisons for violent crimes or serious violations, while the ones in the second category generally contains young people who havent had a chance to make a difference in society.Individuals in the third category would be the ones whose deaths would affect a small amount of people such as a blue collar worker who supports their family with their salary. The sudden passage of this person would be saddening but only the immediate family leave typically need monetary honorarium to cover any expenses left behind. In comparison, the ones in the fourth category whose deaths would affect a much larger amount of people such as, owners of important businesses whose death may result in the layoff of many employees.The individuals in the fifth category are the ones who have a huge contribution to our society, such as individuals who find cures to devastating diseases, physicist on the verge of devising a great breakthrough, world leaders, and important policy makers. Without them our society let alone the whole world, would not be the same, they are the ones who make a difference in peoples lives. In the article, What Is the Value of a Human Life? by Kenneth Feinberg, he explores the moral problem with assigning different set to different members of society.The author finds it troubling that the compensation for someones death be related to that persons financial situation. For example, someone in the fourth category mentioned above will most likely be a wealthy business owner while the person in the third category may be a modest middle class individual and would receive compensation accordingly. At the end of the article he states that in the future, he will provide equal compensation regardless of the persons financial circumstances or status in society.I believe that monetary compensation should only cover funeral expenses and enough income to allow their immediate families time to adjust to the loss and becom e self-sustaining. It is okay for a society that is based on capitalist economy to compensate and assign a monetary value to individuals. It is our souls and humanity that will always be in conflict with manmade laws and forged societies. That is why this debate will never end. The day that currency becomes obsolete will be the day that society will truly discover that the only thing worth valuing is life itself, not money.

Any Kind Checks Cashed, Inc. v. Talcott Essay

fit in to the UCC, a carrier in due course is a carrier who takes an instrument for value in groovy faith and devoid of notice of assured claims, as well as defenses on the instrument. It is imperative in the case of all Kind Checks Cashed, Inc. v. Talcott to determine if the holder of the instrument acted in good faith, in fair transaction as is compulsory in order to be considered the holder in due course. According to the Commercial Law Article 3-103 (a) (4) good faith refers to sincerity or honesty in fact and the adherence to logical technical standards of fair dealing (Twomey, D., & Jennings, M.).Apart from this, the beg upholds the trial court finding that some(prenominal) Kind did not act in good faith when cashing a follow for $10,000. However, all Kind had been in good faith in later on cashing one more fleck for $5,700. I agree that Talcott was responsible for the $5,700 even disdain the fact that he was illegally persuaded to issue a reassure (Legale .com).Th e procedures in place at Any Kind Checks Cashed, Inc.states that a supervisor that has the power as well as authority to approve checks over $2,000. However, the supervisor should have been more cautious due to the unusual amount of the check of $10,00.00. When the second check of $5,700.00 was presented the check cashing company had been in contact with Talcott getting his verbal approval for cashing a check. As a result, Any Kind Check Cashed Inc. fulfil the good faith prerequisites for a holder in due course. In reviewing if, the tellers actions where in agreement with good faith and acted reasoncapable within the commercial standards for judge and processing the check. The fact is that the clerk did take action and question the intent of the check of $10,000.00 by calling the maker of the check Mr. Talcott, but was not able to reach him.As a resultof not reaching Mr. Talcott the, the supervisor relied on her head and sire to make her decision to cash the check. Using her ju dgment coupled with appeared to be evidence the FedEx envelope showing that the FedEx was sent from Mr. Talcott the supervisor was acting in good faith but not in accordance with a the reasonable commercial code. There should have been some level of suspicion that someone would pay a 500.00 fee to cash a check and not go to his or her avow and collect the full amount of the 10,000.00. To a reasonable person this type of behaviour may raise a red flag as to the desperation of the person (payee) to cash such a large check.The check cashing store should have verified with the issuing bank to ensure that there was enough monies in the account to cover the check and verify that the check is good (no stop payment was issued). When Mr. Guarino presented a second check to the check cashing store for $5,700.00, the store reached out and spoke with Mr. Talcott asking him to verify the check for $5,700.00, which he verified. The check cashing store never mentioned the first check of $10,000.0 0. by chance they presumed that since Mr, Talcott approved the second check that and never said anything about the first one being of issue it may have seemed as a nonissue. If Any Kind processed the $10,000 check with proper caution and procedures beyond making a phone call and not getting an answer from the maker of the check.Any Kind should have contacted the bank the check was drawn on to verify that there was no issue with the check and not rely on experience and a FedEx cover. In order to ensure that they and preserved their status of the holder in due course status. The courts determined that Any Kind was not the holder in due course due to the manner in which they did not ensure that the check was valid before cashing and processing it. I agree with the courts decision in finding that Any Kind is not the HDC for the $10,000.00 since they were really negligent in the handling and processing of the check. I agree, with the courts ruling in favour that Any Kind is the HDC for the $5,700.0. Since Any Kindhandled the process in good faith and within accordance with reasonable commercial standards according to the UCC 3-4193 (Legale .com).ReferencesCornell Law Uniform Commercial Code. Retrieved Dec 30, 2014.http//www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/3/3-419Federal Reserve Bank Regulation and compliance guide. Federalreserve.gov. Retrieved Dec. 28, 2014. http//www.federalreserve.gov/bankinforeg/reglisting.htmANY KIND CHECKS CASHED, INC. v. TALCOTT Leagle.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.leagle.com/decision/2002990830So2d160_1973.xml_br Twomey, D., & Jennings, M. (2014). Kinds of Instruments, Parties, and Negotiability. melody Law Principles For Todays Commercial Environment (4th edition ed., pp. 567- 568). Mason Cengage learning.

Descriptive Writing – Ayer’s Rock

As the cramped, stuffy minibus approached our destination, I could claver the first rays of morning sun sparkle over the horizon. Against this blinding stone pit an ominous shadow appeared. It grew as we drew nearer, the true size of it becoming clearer. Looking away briefly to swat at a fly, as I turned back I was hit by a surge of warmth as the sun rose higher. Transfixed I stared at the labor movement before me the other occupants of the bus seemed sombre and lifeless compared to the scenery. Glancing at my watch (5.00am) I slipped my hat over my eyes and attempted to sleep.A sudden jerking awoke me a speed bump signalling our arrival at the monolith. The shade confused my dozing mind briefly as I looked left. Waking quickly I truism a vast expanse of orange-brown list rising to the sky, ugly at a glance but beautiful in detail. Awe-struck, my eyes slowly surveyed the rock tracking up I saw faint smears of colour moving towards the summit, and eventually clicked that these w ere people, dwarfed immensely by this foreboding thing. I managed to pull myself from my seat, grab my television camera and head for this blister rising from the outback.My view had been that I was at the base of the rock already, and that my walk would be a short one, but the weathered gibbousness continued to grow as I approached. More and more detail was becoming visible small bushes surrounding the base from a distance were in reality small trees, small cracks in the rock were the size of a block of flats, creating huge weathered tentacles reaching into the desert dust. I eventually reached the base, continually gaze upwards and trying to take in the full magnitude of this place. Our groups guide appeared and gave us the go ahead to begin the climb to the summit of this red mountain.I began the climb optimistic seeing the sloping pathway from the base made it seem an ascent of no more than 150 metres, and the help of a ambit near the floor would make it short work. But as I climbed higher, I saw more pathways stretching off over the wasteland of the zenith. already somewhat tired, I suddenly had a surge of energy and decided to press on fast. I motored up the remaining chained slope, ignoring the floods of Nipponese tourists sliding slowly down. scope the barren plain, I saw it was not the flat desert I had imagined but was covered in deep furrows and potholes created by the millennia of exposure to the harsh outback elements. I groaned, but could now see the apex another 200 metres or so higher. The prospect of seeing the already magnificent view from that windswept pinnacle strengthened my resolve, and I set over this other worldly landscapeAs I continued to climb, and could see more of the pristine wilderness around me, I realised just how far from the hustle and bustle of the civilized world I was. No serious could be heard apart from the constant warm breeze whipping by the channels in the rock after my push towards the top I had left the re st of the people heading up behind somewhat, and no other tourists had ventured this far. I had the pleasure of being completely alone to fully assess the beauty of my surroundings, and how disconnected from life I felt. I realised that in my mental wanderings, I had also wandered kinda far, almost to the roof of this red world. The closing chasm in the rock before my goal seemed nothing more than a ditch and the last few steps would be done in minutes. insurrection over the final hill and out of the shadow, into the fierce morning sun was fantastic. Seeing the earth stretch out into infinity below me filled me with life. It was quite odd. Weary from the climb, I sat down to rest, still feeling this wonder that places this untouched still existed in the world. The inspiration to explore and find more of these areas of solitude was suddenly kindled in me, and started some ambitions flowing in my brain. Rested, I decided to use this short period of isolation to examine where I was. Although at a glance the summit seemed empty, on closer inspection there was life. In the pools of rainwater dotting the surface were ancient creatures, species of crustacean, with strange shrimps and strange prehistoric things I later found out were called triops similar to the trilobites of the Mesozoic, yet still alive after the isolation on this rock. It was quite incredible a glance into a life cycle that has been carrying in a single puddle for millions of years, completely ignorant of the rest of the world and completely unchanged.In the time I had been staring into the pool, my mum and sister had arrived and were admiring the view. I approached and told them about what I had seen and my amazement at this place. We explored some more, took some photos to remember what we had seen, and found the remains of a dismission from an aboriginal fire, possibly hundreds of years old but preserved on this time stopping rock. Thinking of the ages that had been and gone while this singl e rock had stood rimy continued to amaze me. It was seen by some of the first human cultures hundreds of thousands of years ago, before dinosaurs would of swum around it during its time submerged in an ancient sea, before that who knows what cogency of seen it? If it could speak, what stories would it tell?Hours had passed since I first set off, and it was time to head back to the confines of the minibus. Coming back down, I didnt mind leaving as I felt as though no matter how much we are told about the world, no matter how much information we are fed through the media, television and how much our governments try to shrink our perception of the world, it is still a truly vast place that should be appreciated for its wonders and the ones it may still hold.Reaching the base again, and looking back at where I had been, I decided that I wanted to see these wonders in my lifetime.

Persuasive speech smoking ban Essay

Each socio-economic class cig arttes are responsible for about 443,000 remnants, on average this is stag partys dying 13 to 14 years sooner than non eatagers1. Cigarette sens is a imposing behavior in our daily lives. sens is not just horrible, but it also has many sound effects on your health, which are often deadly. in that location are over 4000 chemicals in cigarettes, hundreds to which are venomous to your body2. locoweed is a terrible and disgusting habit, be event second hand smoke affects the ones around you, it can piddle crab louse and other health related diseases, and also the cost of cigarettes cause battalion to spend an repulsive amount of gold.Smoking cigarettes isnt always negative when it comes to the way you live your life and the effects it has on your health. It can ease the signs and symptoms of stress. The pick me up you feel after smoking a cigarette give up lasts for a short period of time before you need another cigarette because your cravin g the nicotine3. The advanced feeling that nicotine gives you, draws you back to want one more cigarette. Smoking is very just hurting you and the people around you.Stress is something that is going to be around your whole life so it is better to play other way to cope without smoking. Second hand smoke affects the people around you. A smoker does effect close coworkers and family members. Most of the smoke from a burning cigarette isnt sucked down into the lungs of a smoker, but let out into the open air to be inhaled by anyone. Second hand smoke can cause heart disease, lung cancer, and the risk of SIDs which is something that can instantly kill infants. When it comes to babies and children there are many other complications that can affect them.The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says 4that each year in the United States secondhand smoke causes an estimated 46,000 premature deaths from heart disease and an estimated 3,400 deaths each year from lung cancer in n onsmokers. Secondhand smoke contains more than 250 chemicals known to be toxic or cancer causing5. Children or babies exposed to this secondhand smoke are inhaling many of the same cancer causing substances as smokers are. Since 1964, 34 separate US Surgeon Generals reports relieve oneself been written to make the public awake of thehealth issues linked to tobacco and secondhand smoke. The ongoing research used in these reports nonetheless supports the item that tobacco and second hand smoke are linked to serious health problems that could be prevented6. gibe to the CDC SIDS is the sudden, unexplained, unexpected death of an infant in the first year of life, it is the liveing cause of death in otherwise healthy infants. 7Chemicals in secondhand smoke appear to affect the brain in ways that interfere with its regulation of infants breathing.On average, Children are exposed to more secondhand smoke than nonsmoking adults. Cigarettes cause health risks that affect you in a negati ve way. Cigarettes contain arsenic, formaldehyde, lead, hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and 43 known carcinogens. They contain more than 4,000 ingre betternts which when burned, also produce compound chemicals8. Cigarettes can cause cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, emphysema, bronchitis, degenerative airway obstructions, and many other health related diseases.Cigarette smoking may also lead to changes in the smokers appearance over longer periods of time like wrinkling skin and yellowing of the teeth. In the United States, smoking is responsible for about one in five deaths annually which is about 443,00 deaths a year9. On average, smokers die 13 to14 years early then nonsmokers. In a specific case involving Shane, a 44 year old man who started smoking when he was 18 and was only 34 when his body became dishonored from smoking. He discovered he had throat cancer, and had to get his larynx removed, part of his esophagus and collarbone.Part of his fend for had to be reshaped and stretched to serve as an esophagus. Now he speaks with an electro larynx and has a 1inch stoma in his fill in so he can breathe. Even after being smoke free since 2003 his smoking still affects him, he just recently found out that he now has cancer in his chest10. Smoking increases your odds of life ending shorter because of avoidable health diseases that you could have easily prevented from not smoking. The amount of money people spend on cigarettes is a ridiculous amount, which could be spent on something more important.In the long run it hurts people when you invest in cigarettes and not in other things like slang accounts or safe stocks. The cigarette industry spends billions of dollars investing and promoting. According to the CDC cigarette smoking costs more than $193 billion a year, which is $97 billion in lost productivity plus $96 billion in health care expenditures11. Cigarettes arent cheap and quitting or never starting can save yo u money now and can also keep you from spending money on health problems in the future.For example if cigarettes are an average $5. 50 for the cost of a pack of cigarettes and a smoker smokes a pack every day, in a month you would be spending $165 on cigarettes, when you could really save that much every month. If you saved this much every month, in five years you could have $9,900, $19,800 in ten years, and $39,600 in twenty years. Before you start just smoking think of the hebdomadal spending you would be doing on just a pack of cigarettes when you could be doing something more important with your money.Smoking is a horrible choice and risk that affects you and the people around you in a negative way. There are many effects of smoking cigarettes, for example second hand smoke and the affect it has on people who are nonsmokers, they cause health risks that can cause death, and also it causes people to spend unessential amounts of money. Cigarettes are temporary thing that makes y ou feel good for a while, but overall the long terminus affects are dangerous to your life.

British Imperialism Essay

Analyze the ways in which British imperial policies in the mid(prenominal)st of 1763 and 1776 intensified colonials resistance to British rule and their commitment to republican values.Colonial exploration in the mid to late 1700s led to stressful times for some countries. Great Britain was one of them. Their American colonies caused them frequently sadness as they tried to take over their society. The British imperial policies towards its colonies made resistance higher to British rule and their commitment to republican values. The British imperial polices were too strict and caused difficulties within American colonies.The British caused more than enough problems with their colonies to start a controversy. They used mercantilism to try and take permanent laterality over the colonies. The colonies were to only buy from the British and sell to the British. They also wanted to regulate their imports and exports perfectly so they would import less than exporting to make them look l ike a high economic entirely(prenominal)y self-made country. Which they were, but they fixed it to make them look like the superpower of Europe. Another idea they imposed onto the Americans was the fear Stamp Act. The colonies didnt take the act well. They were forced to use stamps on every piece of make-up they would use. They also had to buy these stamps from the British only. The taxes were steep and on unnecessary items to the dealledge of the colonies. The colonials k untried that these acts were unfair and cruel. They didnt know how to handle it at the time. Another act that was out of line was the Townshend tea leaf tax. The colonies became addicted to tea ascribable to the caffeine. It was highly valuable to them. The British then put a lump sum tax on the tea that was being imported to the Americas. The colonies didnt understand why the British needed so much money. The British then went over the line with the Boston Port Act. This act basically took away all of the c olonials rights. The colonists called the act, the Intolerable Act, because the British went too far. To top off the colonial anger, the British enforced a new act called the Quartering Act. The act stated that any colonial was to take in British soldiers into their house, move over them and give them quartering. However, thecolonies then began to retaliate against the British.The colonies knew the British had gone too far. The first act they took was known as the Boston Tea Party. On December 16, 1773, Bostonians dressed up as Indians and boarded docked ships, smashed up 342 cases of tea and dumped it all into the Atlantic Ocean. The British then put the Intolerable Act on the colonists. That only gave them other reason to fight back. The unity of the colonists finally formed after the Intolerable Act. Flags were flew half-mast throughout all the colonies and food was sent to Boston all the way from South Carolina. The colonies then formed the Continental Congress, labor union a ll but Georgia participating. Fifty-five delegates were represented in the meeting to talk about what they had to do. The head start Continental Congress met for seven weeks where they produced the Declaration of Rights. Parliament rejected all petitions made by the Congress. The British didnt want this to go on any longer. They sent troops into Lexington and Concord where the terrorized the American defense, which was woebegone and unorganized. The British started a war. The people that were back in Great Britain were rooting for the Americans to gain independence so maybe the British would then realize what they were doing to their own country. The British ruined their colonies and themselves also.The colonies finally were able to good luck the seal to the road to independence. They knew that the British werent running their country very well. They wanted change and inaudible of things to happen. The events that happened during the imperial policies of the British turned into a revolution, where the Americans eventually gained their freedom. The British were finally defeated for the first time. If the British never were so harsh to the colonies, the colonies wouldnt ever have a reason to be skanky to British rule and there would be no independence. Colonialism was a stressful time indeed, but a huge mark on history.

Exim Policy India Analysis Essay

EXIM insurance should be more transparent which should favour export environment The EXIM policy (Foreign peck policy) was announced on 27th August 2009 for the period 2009-2014. It was announced at a juncture when the realism was recuperating from the economic down go. The downturn had cause a sharp contraction in international trade and adversely squeeze global investments. The world trade suffered a drastic reduction of 12%. In this context, the EXIM policy focused on arresting declining exports.Market diversification strategy was adopted in order to reach unwrap to non traditional destinations in Africa ,Latin America and Asia since there was a sharp decline in demand in the traditional market. Technological up gradation of exports was encouraged and transaction procedures were simplified to reduce costs. Other move planned wee to concentrate on Labour intensive sectors and the draft policy parameters to enhance the scrap of our exports by promoting technology upgrades.A C ommittee of Experts was constituted to revamp the procedures of transactions and administer the value bowed stringed instrument of exports. Amidst the on-line(prenominal) global economic turmoil, the Indian government should take prudent steps to avoid the rejoinder of another recession. In light of the recent developments, the EXIM policy should encourage exports and stimulate international trade. While, the current EXIM policy mentions a considerable emphasis on exports, a detailed check is required if the trade is truly adhering to the policies framed and if the transparency is being maintained in the transactions.a) Currency printing should be done by private top 3 financial institutions in the verdant. The Reserve Bank of India manages the specie in the country with the dish of the advice from the government of India. RBI distributes notes and rupee coins to other bank branches through certain selected currency tit branches. Printing additional currency should be done i n a controlled manner since it gage dupe a great impact on the economy. India cant merely print additional currency to meet public expenditure unless it is a metre of extreme financial crisis. This method of increasing fluidness in the market is called Quantitative Easing and happens when the Central bank fails to inject liquidity in the clay by lowering interest rates. This is mainly done to prevent deflation. However, uncontrolled printing of money causes pompousness and can lead to hyper inflation in extreme cases.RBI uses three main factors are used to estimate the demand for bank notes current growth rate of economy, replacement demand and reserve requirements. During the time of recession, it is all the more important to be prudent on printing money since the economy is on a decline and it becomes imperative to control inflation. Hence, monitoring the currency printing is of utmost importance and this can be achieved by allowing only the top 3 private financial institut ions in the country.a) FDI should be allowed in multi brand so as to use up intermediaries and benefit farmers and industries directly. It will help in curbing inflation. FDI in multi brand retail should be encouraged since it would contribute extensively in the growth of the economy. It would improve the approachability of high quality goods and create an environment of competitiveness in Indian entrepreneurs by giving depiction to global management practices. It would also encourage better technology and enhance efficiencies. However, the policy should be enforced within the purview of the state laws and regulations. This would ensure that there is no anti- competitive practices including predatory pricing.Investments in damage of FDI in retail would in turn help in developing the infrastructure of the country in terms of supply chain and logistics. This would also eliminate intermediaries and benefit farmers and industries directly. This strategy would greatly help in contro lling recession since this help in generating demand at the low income level and eventually would eliminate the income divide. It would also curb inflation in an efficient manner.a) More emphasis should be given on R& D of great goods which are prima facie being produced by developed economies. The profits of the nifty goods sector is directly linked with the profits of the entire Indian industry. This is further corroborated by the high snap behavior of Capital goods industry to the fluctuations in the industry growth. One of the key stimulators for demand in the capital goods sector is the manufacturing sector which somas the end user of these goods.Another stimulator for the demand is the gross investment made in this sector by the country. It is important to have a good demand for the Capital goods since its consumption constitutes 17-21 pct of the GDP of the country. However, the investments in this sector have declined when compared to other sectors. Hence, more emphasis o n the investment and R&D of capital goods will provide considerable boost to the GDP of the country and in turn help in curbing recession. This is one of the most effective ways to control recession.a) Government should cash in ones chips in agro based economies like Africa to have favourable terms for import of agriculture products. Although imports of agricultural products form a precise small pctage of the total imports, the import duties and countries of trade pose significant hurdles. The current import statistics of various agricultural products are as follows. The total agri imports are in the range of 4-7 percent of the total imports. Edible oil accounts for more than 50% of the agri imports. Raw cashew nut accounts for about 10 percent of the agri imports. Other agricultural products imported are cereals,pulses,spices,sugar chicken meat etc .However, these form a very low percentage of the agri imports and are imported in climatically abnormal years.Government should put extensive effort to build ties with agro based economies like Africa which would help reducing the expenditure on agricultural imports. This in-turn would help in maintaining the balance even in adverse years when domestic production fails to fulfill the demand. This respite between demand and supply in a bad year is one of the root causes of creating a recession. Hence, this is a cost effective alternative to fulfill this supply and curb the occurrence of a recession.

Nigeria and South Africa

Introduction The publications follow-up was crucial to this dissertation since it was the major spell of the dissertation that examined some(prenominal) bet onary sources and reinforced the stimulate which is to critic all toldy conk out and investigate the limit to which bodily understructure has influenced the touristry intentness in Nigeria comp atomic enactment 18d to mho Africa. This dissertation has an adapted version of Handys (1994) ingathering Lifecycle baffle beca hold it shows the knowledge of physical substructure in regards to accessibility within Nigeria and siemens Africa.This dissertation in any case has butlers talcum stumper (1980) to demonstrate the development of touristry in Nigeria and southerly Africa. The dissertation treasurees the impacts of the 3 As accessibility, Amenities and Ancillary go by comparing Nigeria to southwestward Africa. The dissertation answers whether physical al-Qaida has validatingly or damagingly influenced Nigeria and southerly Africas tourism industries. This dissertation in addition admits the act and touristry Competitiveness forefinger indicators and the Global Competitiveness index indicators in order to comp ar the root word circleings in Nigeria and south-central Africa. on that point atomic number 18 conclusions which try what the police detective found throughout the dissertation. The recommendations stem from what the searcher spy and discussed in the conclusions within the dissertation. Aim and Objectives Aim To critically analyse and investigate the extent to which physical al-Qaida has influenced the tourism industry in Nigeria comp bed to siemens Africa. Objectives To scrutinise vicarious seek which discusses the kingdom of physical alkali.To assess the impacts of the 3 As in Nigeria in comparisons to due south Africa. To find out whether physical fundament had a positive or negative influence on twain countries tourism industries. To criticall y analyse competitiveness indicators in relation to other(a) data sources. To make several(prenominal) recommendations based on the conclusions in this dissertation. Rationale The of import purpose of this dissertation is to answer the question- How has physical groundwork influenced the tourism industry in Nigeria in comparison to sulfur Africa?There atomic number 18 various reasons to why this dissertation is creation written. The scratch reason is in that location is a gap in donnish literary productions seeing that at that place is no existing research that compares how physical floor has influenced the tourism industry in Nigeria and southmost Africa. This could be re return fitting to the circumstance that there are no qualified investigators who devour been foc using on documenting much(prenominal) research since investigators may view Nigeria and southmost Africa as developing economies and would rather conduct research on other countries resembling E ngland or United States of America.The second reason is that the researcher would be able to explore the aim in great detail through the habitude of secondary research and secondary data. Nigeria and south Africa were chosen because both countries have signifi kittyt roles and influence on the African Continent. Kwintessential (2011) utters A dour with second Africa, Nigeria is considered a super-power in the African continent. Tourists frequently understand Nigeria and confederation Africa. In 2009/ 2010, more than than forty- cabaret one thousand zillion tourists conk outled to Africa.The expire ten African Countries were Morocco which had nine point twenty-nine million tourists, southeasterly Africa had eight point nine million tourists and Nigeria had one point forty-one million tourists (TV3news, 2011). In 2011 Nigerias new President Goodluck Jonathan fit out twenty-five trains and besides in 2011 southernmost Africa ge asseverate look Sibusiso Ndebele introd uced a law called Road trance Management System (RTMS) which was implemented success goody.Secondary data from 2009, 2010 and 2011 was used because cultivation tie in to the Access, Amenities and Ancillary work was acquirable as major nonethelessts closely linked to Access, Amenities and Ancillary Services occurred in Nigeria and conspiracy Africa. Contribution Secondary data would be required since valued data, such as statistical figures are of great importance because they are needed in order to effectively support the findings in this dissertation.The 3 As Accessibility, Amenities and Ancillary Services According to Buhalis (2000) there are 6 As which are Attractions, Accessibility, Amenities, Available Packages, Activities and Ancillary Services however for the purpose of this research, this dissertation will and focus on three As which are Accessibility, Amenities and Ancillary Services as tourists take these three As into consideration when propelling aboard. Acces sibility is essential as it enables tourists to travel to visit numerous places within Nigeria and South Africa.Hall et al (2006) refers to butler (1980) and Wolfe (1952) who believe that accessibility is important seeing that they ack straightledge that when accessibility improves an field of honor would experience a growth in tourist numbers. Amenities are vital since tourists need to apprehension and sleep in accommodation whilst in Nigeria and South Africa. Bhatia (2006) and Hall (2009) check into that accommodation gives tourists the opportunity to spend some clock in a destination.Ancillary Services for instance medical exam exam facilities like hospitals are important because tourists may need medical assistance so travel redress is recommended to c everyplace medical emergencies. Cowie (2011) reveals that The Association of British Insurers (ABI) believe there has been an maturation in the number of travel insurance adopts from holidaymakers specially holidaymaker s all over the age of sixty-five. The 3 As Attractions, Available Packages and Activities Table The control panel below discusses why the researcher would not use the other 3 AsAttractions, Available Packages and Activities which are also part of Buhaliss Framework. Attractions The researcher would not use attractions as the researcher does not have in mind to discuss the various types of attractions that tourists can visit on holiday when in Nigeria and South Africa, furthermore discussing several attractions would not enable the researcher to answer the aim. Available Packages The researcher would not use available packages because the researchers dissertation is not near the unalike types of holiday packages available that can be schedule for a tourist going to Nigeria and South Africa, therefore entropy on holiday packages would not be relevant in this dissertation. Activities The researcher would not use activities since the researchers disse rtation does not consume finding out the begin of activities that tourists can partake in whilst in Nigeria and South Africa so nurture about types of activities would be irrelevant in this dissertation. Table 1 Chapter 1 Literature Review This literature review provides definitions of radical, historical influences on infrastructure, definitions of the tourism industry, an overview of Nigeria and South Africas tourism industry. Butlers talcum powder determine is used to showcase the development of tourism in Nigeria and South Africa and physical infrastructure in Nigeria and South Africa is discussed. Furthermore a theoretical framework is linked to the aim of the dissertation.In addition the literature review also includes Nigerias and South Africas political backgrounds, African Union reconcilements that Nigeria and South Africa have hold to, the concomitant that South Africa is part of B. R. I. C. Baldauf (2011) reveals that South Africa joined the club of emerging economies in the man. The club is now known as BRICS which is an acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. An overview of infrastructure studies in tourism 1. 1 Defining radix in the tourism industry Infrastructure can be defined as essential elements which tribe need and can use within a Country, for example accommodation, roads and raceway and medical facilities, like clinics and hospitals. Dutt and Ros (2008, p. 01) refer to Ingram & Fay (2005) who discuss In mid-twentieth century, infrastructure was seen as a key determinant of economic development the commanding heights of the economy and market failures in infrastructure provision were thought to be endemic. Dutt and Ros (2008, p. 301) also refer to Ingram and Fay (2005) who believe that there are various elements to infrastructure such as telecommunications, dromes, roads, piped water, railways, power, ports and sanitation. Dutt and Ros (2008) also source Hirschman (1958) who chalk ups that physi cal infrastructure consists of displaceation, power, roads and water. Guttal (2008) mates with Dutt and Ros (2008) in terms of what infrastructure is however the author adds that parks and obtain centres are part of infrastructure.Guttal (2008) has a negative perspective of infrastructure as Guttal (2008) believes that infrastructure can oftentimes have negative impacts which virtuoso to local communitys food and water being dishonored or completely destroyed and communities becoming displaced. Mascardo (2008) has a positive view of infrastructure because Mascardo (2008) believes that infrastructure helps to call down local slews living conditions. 1. 2 Historical Influences on infrastructure World tale (2011) and History (2011) both agree that Nigeria gained Independence from Britain on the 1st of October 1960. About. com (2011) African History (2011) and History Orb. com (2011) both agree that on the 31st of May 1910 South Africa became independent from Britain.South Afr ica History Online (2011) and Priory World History (2011) agree that in 1652 South Africa had been colonised by the Dutch. Nigeria and South Africa are similar as both countries were British colonies in the past. History (2011) and Wars Of The World (2011) agree that in the Northern part of Nigeria Moslems killed Christians which lead to a urbane war and briefly divided the bucolic. This civic war persisted from July 1967 to the 11th January 1970. History (2011) emphasises what happened during the civil war and how the civil war negatively impacted Nigerians by saying that The state lost its oil fields its briny source of revenue and without the funds to import food, an estimated one million of its civilians died as a way out of complete(a) malnutrition. OnlineNigerian foolingNews (2011) and IRIN humanitarian news and epitome (2011) both agree and lie with that Nigerians have experienced two consort eras of phalanx determine in the country, the first military era was in 1 966 to 1970 lead by Gowon and the second military era was lead by Buhari, Babangida and Abacha 1984 to 1999. Robinson (2011) and SouthAfrica. TO (2011) agree that Afrikaner Nationalist came into power in 1948 its main aim was to keep races separated from individually other through the implementation racist legislation. Robinson (2011) notes that The implementation of the policy, subsequent referred to as separate development, was do possible by the Population Registration Act of 1950, which put all South Africans into three racial categories Bantu (black African), white or Coloured (mixed race). Nigeria and South Africa have had spoil leaders in the past who did not improve their countries physical infrastructure this lead to negative implications on the countries physical infrastructure. In Nigeria military rule had a negative effect on Nigeria as the military leaders caused the physical infrastructure to deteriorate because the leaders did not use the money budgeted for mainte nance of the roads to maintain the roads instead the money was used for personal expenses. Online Nigerian News (2011) stated that eld of its rule, brought corruption, injustice, religious and ethnic intolerance, poverty and misery still abound indicating that military rule largely failed. In South Africa part of the apartheid policies caused separation of facilities, such as people had to use public toilet facilities depending on his or her race. Presently, the Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan has had positive implications on the countrys physical infrastructure particularly the rail infrastructure as part of the Presidents Agenda is to restore all structures that would improve the railways in Nigeria. Azubuike (2012) reveals that Nigerias Minister of revel, Senator Idris Umar believes that the rehabilitation of Akere Bridge in Niger State was part of President Goodluck Jonathans novelty agenda for rail service in Nigeria.South African President Jacob Zuma has also had posi tive implications on the countrys physical infrastructure like the airport infrastructure since part of the Presidents world cup infrastructure plans was to upgrade the facilities in the airports. Lelliott (2010) states that President Jacob Zuma officially opens revamped expanded OR Tambo airdrome. Another part of the plan was to build a new airport called King Shaka external drome in South Africa which has now been fully built and opened in 2010. Province of Kwazulu-natal (2010) reveals that the South African President Jacob Zuma performed the last part of the World Cup infrastructure by opening Durbans new global airport King Shaka worldwide drome.South Africas improvements in its airports won awards and South Africa needed to have world-class infrastructure in order to host the world cup in 2010. Ongoing repairs to the railways mean that there has been an append in the number of trains operating in Nigeria. 1. 3 Definition of the tourism industry The tourism industry can b e defined as an industry that consists of different components due to the fact that there are various tourism clientelees, for instance accommodation melodic linees, like hotels are where tourists stay throughout their visit in a destination and food concernes, such as restaurants in which tourists can eat local or world large cuisines.Lafferty (2001), Planck (2008), Hall (2008) and Ekwere (2010) all believe that the tourism industry includes accommodation establishments, shops, restaurants, travel agencies and tour operators. all the same Hall (2008, p. 11) identifies the fact that there are different types of accommodation by saying Accommodation operators, include hotels, motels, caravan parks and camping grounds. Parks (2007) delegates that the tourism industry has a diverse range of products and go which include cruise ships, campsites, car rentals, five star hotels and airlines. Parks (2007) reveals that the tourism industry is closely linked to various types of travel lers or tourists, for instance origin tourists, leisure tourists or people that are visiting family and friends which is sometimes referred to as (VFRs). 1. Overview of the tourism industry in Nigeria and South Africa Nigerias and South Africas touristry industriousness has experienced tourism growth through the global economic crisis. Euromonitior International (2011) Media Club South Africa (2012) and South Africa. info (2011) both agree that South Africas Tourism Industry was not severely unnatural by the global economic crisis as there was an growing in the number of leisure tourists who came to overtake sports in 2010 compared to 2009. Media Club South Africa (2012) acknowledges that in the first quarter of 2010 South Africa received close to six million tourists arrivals which was an increase of 17. 1% compared to the same time period in 2009.Media Club South Africa (2012) also acknowledges that the second quarter in 2010 showed a 91. 3% rise in tourists from the Americas in the same time period in 2009 because South Africa hosted the World Cup. Euromonitor International (2010) Nigerian Tribune (2011) World Bank Report (2010) and hero Newspaper (2011) also both believe that the global economic crisis did not immensely expunge Nigerias tourism industry seeing that Nigeria had more inbound tourists come to visit the country in 2009 and also in 2010. World Bank Report (2010) states that The number of International tourist arrivals in Nigeria was 1,41,4000 in 2009. takeoff rocket Newspaper (2011) believes that in 2010 Nigeria tourist arrivals increased by 8. 8 percent.South Africas tourism industry has been more successful at attracting leisure tourists compared to Nigerias tourism industry since South Africa promotes and provides leisure tourists with various types of holidays which range from wine tasting to bungee jumping. South Africa major power (2011, p. 10) indicates that fifty-seven percent of tourists visited South Africa for leisure purpo ses. It could be express that some States in Nigeria inadequacy to attract more leisure tourists. Emelike (2011) reveals that governors, like Liyel Imoke in Calabar, Nigeria are making attempts to encourage leisure tourists to visit Nigeria by holding an annual carnival festival for thirty-two days in December.It could also be said that South Africa is trying to get more art line tourists. South Africa. info (2011) indicates that South Africa is targeting business tourists that tend to spend more money compared to leisure tourists when business tourists become leisure tourists that go on tours after they have gone to their business butt againstings or when business tourists decide to return to the country just to experience the available range of leisure activities. Whereas in the Nigeria tourism industry, cities like Lagos have already experienced a boom in business tourism with a great rise in business tourists as there are many business opportunities available in Nigeria, f or example in the retail and hospitality sectors.Jacobson (2011) believes that there has been a full(prenominal) number of business tourists going to Nigeria every month compared to other African Countries and the increase of business tourists in a urban center like Lagos has lead to a rise in luxury hotels being built in Lagos to meet the needs of the business tourists who tend to come from European Countries. Jacobson (2011) reveals that the immigration office at Murtala International Airport figures show that sixty-five percent of passengers who come on British Airways flights from London to Lagos between Mondays to Saturdays are in Lagos for business purposes. that some authors believe that Nigerias tourism industry is not as certain as it should be when taking into consideration the countrys size, abundance of areas of natural beauty and assimilation.Encyclopaedia of the Nations (2011) and Emelike (2010) agree that the Nigeria tourism industry is shortly operating below it s potential. Encyclopaedia of the Nations (2011) reinforces this by saying Tourism in Nigeria is highly undeveloped, considering the West African nations available tourist resources land, climate, vegetation, people and their festivals, abundant art treasures, national monuments, ports, traditionalistic sports, and music. The World transit Tourism Council had positive projections for Nigeria and South Africa in terms of how the travel and tourism industries would increase the countries GDP. World Travel Tourism Council (2011) believes that by 2021 Nigerias travel and tourism industry would rise by 1. % and South Africas industry would rise by 5. 1% in contribution to the GDP. Nigeria and South Africa on the Butlers (1980) TALC Model The diagram below is based on Butlers TALC Model which exhibits the development of tourism in Nigeria and South Africa. Figure 1 6 3. 9 1. 4 656,000 0 SOURCE Butler (1980) Butlers TALC Model above illustrates that over time the number of tourists trav elling to Nigeria and South Africa increased so both countries went from the geographic expedition story to the involvement lay out in which local people became more involved in the tourism businesses which changed Nigerias and South Africas environment to the Development spirit level.The changes at the Development form encouraged foreign tourism business to invest in both countries and this lead to the integration Stage, for example Hilton opened branches in Abuja, Nigeria and drapery townsfolk, South Africa. southafrica. info (2011) revealed that the newly opened Hilton Cape townspeople Hotel is the third Hilton Hotel in South Africa. The desegregation Stage for Nigeria and South Africa was positive since there was investment in both countries tourism industries however the Consolidation Stage went into the Decline Stage due to conflicts in Jos, Nigeria but in South Africa the Consolidation Stage went to the greening Stage because local tourism businesses are re-investin g and making improvements to their businesses. Applying Nigeria to Butlers TALC ModelStage 1 Exploration The Exploration Stage is the stage in which tourists originally started visiting Nigeria. The World Group (2011) indicates that the first international tourists came to Nigeria in 1995 and the total number of international tourists in 1995 was 656,000. Stage 2 Involvement The Involvement Stage is when there was an increase of tourists to Nigeria and local people started businesses within the tourism industry. Tassiopoulos (2009) agrees with William (2009) who refers to Cohen (1972, p. 8) who says that Some local residents will play off to the economic opportunities by providing basic facilities for tourists (such as accommodation). Stage 3 Development The Development Stage is a stage that has caused changes to the physical environment in Nigeria since foreign companies, such as luxury hotels have decide up their businesses. Wall et al (2006) and Huybers (2007) believe that there are unmistakable changes to the physical appearance of the area and local facilities may stop operating if they are unable to compete with new- contemporary-up-to- date facilities.Stage 4 Consolidation The Consolidation Stage refers to the stage whereby famous businesses now have new branches and franchises to supply the tourists with products and services they want and are use to back in their countries of origin. Hospitality Net (2010) indicates that Best Western opened a new branch called The Best Western Island Beach Hotel in Lagos, Nigeria. Talking Retail (2010) reveals that Spar has entered the Nigerian retail sector by opening a Spar supermarket in a new shop centre in Lekki-Ajah which is an emerging area of Lagos.Stage 6 Decline The Decline Stage is evident in a city called Jos in Northern Nigeria that was once popular and visited by many tourists. Iyanu (2011) discusses Jos and indicates that many days ago the city was given the slogan The home of Peace and Tourism as it could boost of a city that was full of tranquillity and had well-known attractions which inbound and outbound tourist visited. However there has been a dramatic decline in the number of tourists to the city throughout 2011due to religious conflicts. Walker (2011) talks about the conflicts in Jos and believes that the conflicts mostly stems from Muslims settlers feeling marginalised by the indigenous Christians.Applying South Africa to Butlers TALC Model Stage 1 Exploration The Exploration Stage refers to the stage when tourists initially started coming to South Africa. South info (2011) reveals that International tourists began visiting South Africa after Apartheid in 1994 and the total number of International tourists that visited South Africa was 3. 9 million. Stage 2 Involvement The Involvement Stage is when there was a rise in tourists coming to South Africa so the indigenous people got involved in the tourism sector.Dale (2006) and Disgupta (2011) agree that endemical people see business opportunities in the tourism industry so they decide to open businesses that crack facilities for the tourists, for instance guest houses and restaurants. Stage 3 Development The Development Stage has occurred as more multi-national companies came into South Africa to establish their accommodation establishments, man-made or purpose-built attractions. Dale (2006) and Devashish (2011) believe that the multi-national companies such as hotels could take over the accommodation sector in a destination because the local hotels cannot compete with them. Stage 4 ConsolidationThe Consolidation Stage relates to well-known businesses setting up to franchise and cater to the continuous inflow of tourists to South Africa. Ivanovic (2009, p. 202) discusses the consolidation stage in South Africa by saying that In this stage the major franchises in food, hotel and retail chains enter the market, such as McDonalds, Hilton and Dolce and Gabbana. Stage 6 Rejuvenation The Rejuve nation Stage is the stage in which local businesses in South Africa have decided to invest in their businesses by spending more money to upgrade and increase the number of attractions offered to tourists. Bruyn (2009, p. 03) talks about Durban Beachfront in Durban, South Africa and states that Durban Beachfront has rejuvenation projects such as the R21. 5 million ($ 3. 2 million) Wilsons Wharf, uShaka Marine World field Park. Theoretical Framework The diagram below is an adapted version of Handys (1994) Product Lifecycle Model that illustrates the different types of directation in Nigeria and South Africa. Transportation in Nigeria and South Africa 650 450 250 50 40 30 20 0 The adapted model above indicates that the trains in South Africa started operating in 1860 and in Nigeria the trains starting operating in 1902.In South Africa the first international flights disembarked in 1945 and in Nigeria the first international flights flew in 1958. Lawal (2011) agrees with Nigerias Th e International Civil Aviation Organisation report that reveals 30 million flights arrived in Nigeria. Irwin (2011) believes South Africas airport improvements enabled 40 million passengers to come on flights into South Africa. There is a lack of records in regards to how many railway passengers travelled seeing that records were mainly noted later on in the twentieth century. Nigerias recorded figures start from 1964 which showed that 11. 2 million passengers travelled by rail, in 1974 4. 3 million, 1978 6. million, in 1984 Nigeria reached its peak in terms of passenger numbers, then went down to 3 million in 1991, 1. 6 million passengers in 2003 but in 2009 and 2010 the number of railway passengers grew again. South Africas recorded figures started in 1992 and exhibited that there were 286 million railway passenger, 2007 13. 8 million, then went up to 646 million and declined to 520 million railway passengers in 2010. carnal Infrastructure in Nigeria and South Africa 1. 5 Airpor ts Both Akpan (2011) and Ayodele (2011) believe Nigerias airports in major cities in Nigeria are in a dreadful condition.Ayodele (2011) reinforces this by explaining how passengers were affected when there was a power cut at Lagos Airport by stating On May 9, the terminal expression was filled to the brim with passengers who were unable to access their luggage because the outage had affected the conveyor belt which had already aged. Eze (2011) and Daily Trust (2011) both agree that Murtala Muhammed Airport in Lagos was built thirty-two years ago, the airport was originally built to accommodate one million passengers however the airport currently reaches twelve million passengers and this has had a negative impact on the facilities in the airport.Eze (2011) discusses displeasure in the state of Nigerian airports but mainly focused on the Murtala Muhammed International Airport (MMIA) Lagos and recognises the fact that the airport is a gateway into the country and views the facilit ies as a shame by saying The Murtala Muhammed International Airport (MMIA) Lagos, in particular have deteriorated to the extent they have become an embarrassment. Afrique Avenir (2011) acknowledges that The Managing Director of Skyway Aviation discourse Company Limited, Lagos, Mr. Isaac Orulagbagbe has criticised the infrastructure in Nigerian airports. Afrique Avenir (2011) agrees with Mr Orulagbagbe who believes that the federal government needs to improve the infrastructure in Murtala Mohammed International Airport because the airport is full to its capacity. However Harding (2011) talks about South Africa infrastructure in the airport which showed that the infrastructure was impressive as South Africa won awards based on the countys airports.South African Government Information (2011) notes a argument from Ms Hlahla, ACSA who agrees with Claude Harding by saying Current airport infrastructure in South Africa has been recognised as being of world class standard. Harding (2011 ) and SouthAfrica (2011) both give explanations of the reasons to why Tambo Airport which is also known as Johannesburg International Airport was voted the second most improved. Tambo Airport won since it provides adequate facilities for seventeen million passengers each year, the building was expanded and the airport plays a significant role in the citys economy. Nkosi (2011) and Skytrax (2011) both discuss Cape Town International Airport winning awards.On one pass around Nkosi (2011) explains the factors that contributed to Cape Town International Airport getting an award for the best Airport in Africa by referring to Airports CouncilInternational cartoon which indicated that Cape Town International Airport had high scores in terms of the level of cleanliness in the wash cortege and ease of passengers being about get trolleys and find car parking spaces. On the other hand Skytrax (2011) also explains that Cape Town International Airport got an award for Staff Service by stating Cape Town International Airport wins the Staff Service Excellence Award for Airports in Africa, as passengers recognise the high quality of front-line service delivery. 1. 6 RoadsBoth Abubakar (2011) and Ezekiel (2011) believe the roads in Nigeria are in an stately state and this has caused a significant number of car accidents and deaths. BluePrint (2011) refers to The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) who say There were a total of 20,910 road accidents or crashes in 2010 and the total mortality or deaths caused by these accidents were 6,853. This means that 6, 853 Nigerians lost their lives to accidents, caused by bad roads across the country. Ezekiel (2011) and Samade (2011) both indicate the factors that lead to the poor state of the roads in Nigeria and agrees with the Minister of Transportation Mrs.Diezani Alison-Madueke that the present conditions of roads in Nigeria are a progeny of the lack of maintenance culture. Southafricagoodnews (2011) and SustainableTransport&M obility (2011) agree that 50% of the roads are in a terrible state. azimuth Auto Accident Attorney News (2011) confirms this by saying The 2010 December/January festive season in South Africa takeed in over 1500 deaths as a result of accidents on the road and recent statistics indicate that an average of 36 people die on South Africa roads on an average day. The Transport Minister took action and made a road safety law in 2011 which helped to decrease the number of deaths due to bad roads. allAfrica. om (2011) Transport Minister Sibusiso Ndebele has commended the road transport industry for their efforts in implementing the Road Transport Management System (RTMS) to reduce road deaths. SustainableTransport&Mobility (2011) also discusses the factors that have contributed to the state of the roads in South Africa and agrees with The South African Road Federation President MutshutshuNxumalo that the current state of roads in South Africa are due to poor management skills and also a poor maintenance culture. 1. 7 cater editorial tread Sunday (2011) and ThisDayLive (2011) agree that Nigerias railways have been neglected but ThisDayLive (2011) acknowledges the fact that the railways are improving as new trains were acquired stating that The nations comatose rail system appears to be roaring back to manner with the recent commissioning of the newly acquired 25 modern locomotive engines belonging to the Nigerian Railway breadbasket (NRC) by President Goodluck Jonathan. Euromonitor International (2011) supports the fact that there are new trains with figures that show there has been an increase in the number of passengers travelling by train in Nigeria seeing that 1. 9 million passengers travelled on the train in 2009 and 2. 1 million passengers travelled by train in 2010. However there are arguments about the state of South Africas railways. Roberts (2011) states that The best description of the current (201l) state of railway preservation in the country was pr obably parlous. BRICS (2011) reinforces this with figures that illustrate passengers traffic by railway fall in 2009 to 644 million passengers and further declined in 2010 to 520 million passengers, but Euromonitor International (2011) disagrees with the figures and shows an increase in passengers carried by rail. African Online News (2011) supports Euromonitor International (2011) by stating that The biggest growth came from a great rise in the usage of rail services. Furthermore Railways Africa (2011) reveals that train accidents increased as there were eight train accidents between April 2010 and work 2011. 1. 8 Accommodation Punch (2011) notes why hotels are expensive and agrees with the Managing Director of Thornberry Africa, Mr Church who believes that in Nigeria the hotel rooms are expensive. This is due to the fact that hotels have high operating costs which include generating their own electricity supply. Emelike. 2011) refers to Ajonumah who believes that in Nigeria in ternational hotels, for instance Sheraton Lagos Hotel have 85 percent+ occupancy rate due to the fact that business tourists and expatriates continuously occupy the hotel rooms. Lenhart (2011) discusses costs of staying in hotels and agrees with Mr Anderson international marketing director for Sun International, a South Africa-based hotel company who believes that hotel room prices in cities like Cape Town, South Africa are reducing with better rates and more availability. Mintel (2011) acknowledges that South Africa has different accommodations from guesthouses to five-star hotels. SouthAfrica. nfo (2011) agrees with Mintel (2011) and states These hotels include the Cape Grace, Arabella Sheraton Grand, Table Bay and Mount Nelson hotels in Cape Town the Grande Roche in Paarl outside Cape Town The Plettenberg on the Western Cape tend Route and the Grace in Rosebank, Michelangelo, Saxon and Westcliff hotels in Johannesburg. Africa Point. com Online Travel Agent (2011) recognises tha t Nigeria also has a wide variety of accommodation ranging from budget to luxury hotels. However Africa Point. com Online Travel Agent (2011) and Maps of World (2011) both agree that most of the luxury hotels with international standards are situated in Lagos and Abuja.Maps of World (2011) reinforces that this by mentioning two well-known luxury hotels in Lagos Eko Hotels and Suitesand Sofitel Lagos Moorhouse Ikoyi Hotel. 1. 9 Medical Facilities Health of Nations (2011), Travel. State. Gov (2011) and Ngex (2011) all agree that government medical facilities are lacking in terms of modern medical equipment and medications however Ngex (2011) notes doctors and hospitals tend to ask patients for cash in the first place medical treatment is given. Allianz (2011), Immigration South Africa (2011) and South Africa (2011) also agree that medical facilities in South Africa are great particularly in private hospitals. The nurses and general practitioners train in the top medical schools in S outh Africa.Connell (2011) and Immigration South Africa (2011) also acknowledge that some international tourists only visit South Africa to receive specific medical treatment to prevent them from waiting in long queues in their country or the medical treatment is less expensive compared to their country of origin. Nigeria and South Africa have concur to abide by African Union agreements such as the AU Constitutive Act (2002). South Africa being a part of B. R. I. C this is economically beneficial to the country. South Africa (2011) refers to the International Relations and Cooperation Minister Maite Nkoane-Mashabane, who was briefing journalists in Pretoria last Tuesday and said South Africa would both benefit from and contribute to the groupings manque goal of expanding inter-trade amongst BRICS countries to US$400-billion to $500-billion by the year 2015. It could be said that as a result of reviewing literature the researcher has increased knowledge about what physical infrast ructure actually consists of, an insight into how important infrastructure is to a country and the components that make-up the tourism industry. It could also be said that Nigerias and South Africas political background has affected the countries positively, negatively and has had implications on the countries physical infrastructure. On one hand both countries experienced the happiness of becoming independent from Britain but on the other hand not long after independence Nigeria was ruled by the military leader General Yakubu Gowon and South Africa was ruled by the apartheid leader Pieter Willem Botha. Presently Nigeria and South Africa have elected Democratic Presidents which are Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in Nigeria and South African President Jacob Zuma.In addition it could be argued that some of the existing differences between Nigeria and South Africa currently exist as a result of how much colonisation has affected both nations differently. It could be said that the western world has had a stronger influence on South African culture compared to Nigerian culture because South Africa was colonised by two European countries Britain and The Netherlands this is evident through the fact that many South Africans pronounce Afrikaans which stems from the Dutch language and several cities in South Africa have Dutch names for example Johannesburg and Bloomberg whereas the majority of states and cities in Nigeria have Nigerian names and a high percentage of Nigerians speak at least one Nigerian language.Furthermore another difference is that conflicts in Nigeria stemmed from disagreements between different ethnic groups whereas in South Africa conflict stemmed from an unfair system of racial segregation called apartheid obligate by the whites against blacks. Interestingly both countries share a political similarity, for example Nigeria and South Africa had civilian rule as the democratic presidents who were elected in the1990s both men had originally b een in prison house and not long after being released from prison elections took place and the Nigerian President was Olusegun Obasanjo in 1999 and the South African President was Nelson Mandela in 1994. Literature Review Matrix Author Year Title daybook Relevant Content Useful references the author makes Buhalis 2000 Tourism Management * Buhaliss Framework Butler 2009 Elsevier * Butlers (1980) TALC Agarwal and Baum Butler 2006 Tourism Area Life Cycle * Handys Product Life Cycle Handy Conceptual and theoretical issues Butler 1980 Canadian Geographer * Butlers (1980) TALC Model Connell 2011 Medical Tourism *People are going to South Africa for Cosmetic Surgery Dutt & Ros 2008 International Handbook of History & Definition of physical Infrastructure Ingram & Fay Hirschman Development Economics Guffery & Almont 2009 Essentials of Business * Secondary seek Communication Guttal 2008 IFIs Tourism Perspectives * Definition and negativ e impacts of Physical and Debates Infrastructure Hall and Williams 2008 Tourism and diversity * History of Tourism Industry Lofgren Mascardo 2008 Building Community * Positive impacts of Physical Infrastructure Capacity for Tourism Development Parks 2007 Contemporary Sport * Definition of the Tourism Industry Management The impacts of the 3 As in Nigeria in comparisons to South Africa The impacts of the 3 As Nigeria and South Africa Accessibility It is evident that accessibility has had a major impact in Nigeria compared to South Africa. Accessibility is (Roads) very poor an property of this is the fact that the numbers of deaths are increasing in Nigeria every year as a result of car accidents and no action is being taken to reduce accidents which has led to so many peoples deaths. Amenities It is also evident that amenities have had a major impact in Nigeria and South Africa.Amenities for example (Hotels) hotels are diverse in both countries and both African Countries are able to cater to the different needs and wants of business tourists and leisure tourists that visit the two African Nations however there is a lack of awareness in regards to the less expensive accommodations available in Nigeria. Ancillary Services It is very clear that ancillary services have had a greater impact in Nigeria compared to South Africa.Ancillary (Hospitals) Services for instance hospitals are extremely poor as they are not adequately equipped whereas in South Africa many people use the ancillary services for example South African surgeons perform cosmetic surgeries in South African hospitals on patients from around the world. The control board below assesses the impacts of the 3 As accessibility, Amenities and Ancillary Services in Nigeria compared to South Africa. Table 2 Has Physical infrastructure had a positive or negative influence on both countries tourism industries? AirportsInterestingly even though airpo rt infrastructure is in a terrible state in Nigeria it has not had a negative influence on Nigerias tourism industry as Nigerian Airports, for example Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Lagos received sixty-five percent of passengers who were business tourists on British Airways Flights (page 12, Jacobson, 2011). Airport infrastructure had a positive influence on South Africas tourism industry since its improvements lead to being chosen to hold the world cup which attracted leisure tourists. Roads Road infrastructure had a negative influence on Nigerias tourism industry and South Africas tourism industry because internal help tourists or people visiting friends and family (VFRs) have been involved in car accidents which have consequently lead to their deaths.Rail Rail infrastructure had a positive influence on Nigerias tourism industry after there has been a rise in people travelling on the trains. Rail infrastructure had a negative influence on South Africas tourism indust ry as a result there has been a decrease in people travelling by trains. Accommodation Hotels had a positive influence on Nigerias tourism industry since it brings in money into Nigeria when business tourists pay to stay in Nigerian hotels, for example Eko Hotels and Suites however the prices of hotel rooms has a negative influence because ultimately tourists pay extreme prices to cover the operating costs of the hotels.Hotels had a positive influence on South Africas tourism industry because it also brings more capital into South Africa as leisure tourists and business tourists can also pay to stay in hotels that have reasonably-priced hotel rooms that meet their needs and budgets, for instance business tourists can go to Table Bay Hotel in Cape Town, South Africa. Medical Facilities The current infrastructure had a negative influence on Nigerias tourism industry since people like domestic tourists may go to a hospital and cannot get medication or there is no modern medical equipm ent available if they needed to have an operation. The current infrastructure had a positive influence on South Africas tourism industry because more international tourists come to South Africa for cosmetic operating theater (Page 24,Connell,2011).Chapter 2 Methodology 2. 1 Choice of research design Secondary research was chosen instead of primary research because the secondary research methods enabled the aim to be achieved more effectively due to the fact that there was so much relevant secondary research that was available. The researcher could independently get secondary research as soon as possible since secondary sources can be accessed online. Guffery et al (2009, p. 256) states that numerous writers turn to them first because they are fast,easy to use and available online. There was also control since decisions were made in terms of what randomness was included or excluded. Issue Inclusion Exclusion The year of create academic materials The researcher included Journ al articles that were The researcher did not include any Journals which were Academic Journals produce since year 2000 but one of the journal published forty years ago seeing that it would have been articles was published in 1980 it had to be used too old and not have the current up-date culture that because Butlers TALC Model (1980) Model had the researcher could give in the dissertation. essential information that was needed in the dissertation. The year of Publishing Textbooks The researcher included textbooks that have The researcher did not use textbooks that were published published appropriate information that could be in the 1980s and 1990s because there were up-to-date linked to the aim and objectives of the books available. dissertation, for instance information about the tourism industry. The year of Publishing News Websites The researcher included News websites that had The researcher excluded News websites that had articles article s which were published in the past three published in 2008 since there was less information about years because there was relevant contemporary Nigerias infrastructure compared to South Africas information available on the news websites. infrastructure in 2008 so the researcher choose to avoid having uneven comparisons when discussing Nigeria and South Africa. Inclusion/Exclusion Matrix Table Primary research would involve travelling to Nigeria and South Africa, which would have been very time consuming as this dissertation has a specific deadline and sufficient information may not have been collected before the deadline this would negatively affect the dissertation. The researcher choose to use contemporary research since it is up-to-date information.The researcher did not use information published in 2008 because there was less relevant information about Nigerias physical infrastructure compared to South Africas physical infrastructure in 2008 so the researcher woul d not have be able to effectively meet the aim or fairly compare Nigeria to South Africa. The secondary research included the usage of relevant academic materials, for example Mintel Reports and the Global Market Information Database published by Euromonitor International which are market research reports from the academic website Athens. Mintel and Euromonitor International were used to attain essential information like secondary data. For instance statistical data which was found by using keywords like rail passengers and accommodation into the search engines. The other secondary esearch was done by only extracting important information such as applicable quotes, from reading appropriate Nigerian Newspapers, for instance ThisDayLive, Daily Trust, Punch and BluePrint and fit South African News websites, for example Southafricagoodnews, SouthAfrica and African websites such as Africa Online News and Afrique Avenir. However the researcher is aware that newspapers and websites can be potentially biased. The researcher maintained reliability relevance with newspapers by using newspaper articles that criticised the infrastructure rather than pretending that the infrastructure was perfect. The researcher also used relevant textbooks and academic journals such as Tourism Management because academic journals are not biased.In addition The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index was utilised in order to obtain statistical data to measure infrastructure in Nigeria and South Africa. The researcher compared figures from 2009 and 2011. Furthermore the researcher also compared The Travel & Tourism Competitive Index indicators with The Global Competitiveness Index indicators in 2009 and 2011. 2. 2 Construction of the method Assessment Schematic Authors championship Position of the Is the Author Is the Authors claim accepted? Author biased? Ime Akpan (2011) Poor obsolete facilities in airports in Nigeria Writer yes Yes as the claim is based on Nigerias Aviation Minist ers command. Claude Harding (2011) South Africa has great airports. Writer No Yes since the claim is based on South Africa winning Skytrax 2011 World Airport Awards. Toba Agboola (2011) high operating costs in restaurants. Writer No Yes because the claim is based on the statement by the Nigerian restaurant Tantalizers. BRICS (2011) Less people are travelling by rail in South Africa. No Yes the claim comes from a BRICS report. Punch (2011) It is costly to stay in hotels in Nigeria. No Yes the claim is based on The Managing Director of Thornberry Africa, Mr.David Church statement who is in the hospitality industry high hotel prices caused by high running costs. Mintel (2011) South Africa has great a variety of hotels to suit No Yes since the claim is based on an analysis of the accommodation different budgets. sector in South Africa. Bongani Nkosi (2011) Cape Town International Airport best airport Writer No Yes because the claim is based upon Airpo rts CouncilInternational in Africa. survey. Afrique Avenir (2011) Nigeria airports are in a terrible state. Yes the claim is based upon The Managing Director of Skyway Aviation Handling Company Limited statement. The assessment schematic above was constructed to exhibit what authors have said, state the authors position, establish whether the authors has written in a biased manner and whether the researcher of this dissertation accepts what the authors have claimed. 2. 3 Sample To apportion the literature, the researcher would use contemporary literature that reveals significant information about Accessibility, Amenities and Ancillary in Nigeria and South Africa. Non-luck sampling methods like snowball sampling would not be used the researcher ould utilise the cluster sampling probability sampling method since it is the most suitable method as the researcher could apply the method seeing that this type of probability sampling method tends to be used when quantitative data is being collected. Furthermore the researcher used figures from The Travel & Tourism Competitive Index that state the rankings and different elements of physical infrastructure in Nigeria and South Africa. United Nations World Food Program social function (2011) reveals that Probability sampling is mostly utilised during quantitative data collection methods. The fundamental reason for probability sampling is to split a study into different categories like children and adults when studying population. 2. Procedure Secondary data which is under specific pillars were selected from the Travel & Tourism Competitive Index from the 2009 and 2011 in the World Economic Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report for Nigeria and South Africa because of its relevance to this dissertation seeing that it enabled the researcher to meet the quaternate objective as this included quality of the airport infrastructure which comes under 6th pillar Airport transport infrastructure, quality of roads, q uality of rail infrastructure which is under the 7th pillar Ground transport infrastructure, hotel rooms which comes under the 8th pillar Tourism infrastructure and Hospital beds which is under the 4th pillar Health and hygiene.The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index rankings from the 2009 and 2011were compared with The Global Competitiveness Index rankings in 2009 and 2011. 2. 5 Plan for Data Analysis The secondary data would be used to meet the 4th objective. The analysis includes secondary data from the Travel and Tourism competitive index which would be in a table format seeing that it is an easy format for the reader to understand the data and the findings from the data. The analysis would also evaluate the findings that link back to the literature review, Butlers (1980) TALC Model and the Theoretical Framework.Chapter 3 raillery and Analysis This chapter discusses and analyses the findings from the indexes and the literature review. The table below illustrates where Nigeri as and South Africas airports, roads, rail, hotel rooms and hospital beds ranks are positioned out of one hundred and thirty-three countries in 2009 and 2011 from The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index and also has the findings about the infrastructure. The higher the ranking the worse the level of the countrys infrastructure. Nigeria and South Africas rankings on The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index Nigeria South Africa Travel and Tourism 2009 2011 2009 2011 Findings from the infrastructure rankings Competitiveness Index Airport Transport Infrastructure On one hand the quality of the airport infrastructure rank in Nigeria has dramatically increased which clearly indicated that the airport infrastructure in Quality of air transport Nigeria has deteriorated between 2009 and 2011. infrastr