Analysis of Language, Rhetoric, and Politics in George Orwell’s 1984 Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Language, Rhetoric, and Politics in George Orwells 1984 Es feel outThis statement coming from the novel authorise Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell contains different messages depending on its context and rationality. The phrase war is peace can be define as a prescience or conclusion that peace is always a result of war. When there is war, there would be peace, which is non always true depends on the situation. The phrase immunity is slavery can be said that even if you argon free, there are influences, consequences, and contri neverthelessors that would continue the act of slavery and mass would still suffer from these cases. Because when we say freedom, there would be a form of governance and democracy but as long as authority exists, slavery would still become split of freedom. The phrase ignorance is strength can be true somewhattimes. If you are ignorant, you are more capable of acting without losing eachthing because you do not know something. Igno rance can be said as an escape to do everything without knowing anything just to be free. However, why do these phrases were stated if they could actu exclusivelyy say what is true and correct without any vague, ambiguous, and doublespeak words or languages.Use of languages can be vague and ambiguous depending on the person who use it, on the context he is relating with, the mess he is talking to and the meaning of those words itself. Most often, we use words that are light but critical in order to make our auditory modality or the person we are talking with will be slight burdened by the whole situation. We use fuzzy, confusing and light words to exemplify the meaning of what we need to say in accordance to their feelings. One of the practical or simplest examples is the words or languages in agate line.A corporation needs to reduce its employees imputable to company problems, but sort of than using dependable words they utilized technical words in order to make their emplo yees understand the situations (not the real reason) with no hard feelings or at least minimal objection coming from the employees. One company denied it was laying off 500 people. We dont characterize it as a layoff, said the corporate spin doctor.Were managing our staff resources. Sometimes you manage them up, and sometimes you manage them down. Firing workers is such big business that there are companies whose business is helping other companies fire workers by providing termination and outplacement consulting for corporations involved in reduction activities. But dont worry, if youre managed down, the Outplacement Consultant will help you with re-employment engineering. (Lutz, 1996) Because of these scenarios, people became clueless rather than being educated that are actually needed in every aspect of human life.In order to become productive, we need to be advance(a) by the fact that we need to understand things that are connected to our jobs, sociological interaction, or ev en personal maters. However, there are instances when these aspects of understanding and education could not be obtained because people behind those conflicts and problems are apprehended by their actions. Therefore, it is a form of stealing stealing our learning, knowledge, and privilege to recognize sensitive matters. That is why people having these issues are playing- proficient to acquire less refusal or conflicts in the coming(prenominal) but the consequences will be more problematic.Then, a question will rise towards these issues as it become more active during these times. The question will be what are the grounds of these people to state ambiguous, vague, and doublespeak that are more conflicting rather than honest thoughts? I guess, the reason why these things happened is that people are inherently liar in different forms and grounds as also based on the expression of Stephanie Ericsson entitled, The Ways We Lie. Why do they need to do these? It is because they need to c ompel people that there is no problem or everything is all right to bound of lying just to make things better.We lie. We all do. We minimize, we avoid confrontation, we spare peoples feelings, we conveniently forget, we keep secrets, we justify lying to the big- guy situations. (Ericsson, 1992) This statement shows that we all lie in different situations especially when it is needed or sometimes we used words that are less offensive to minimize the reaction of our audience or who we are talking with. In this case, as connected to the phrases above, use of doublespeak, vague, or ambiguous words are already part of our sociological interaction.We are doing this in order to make the people less objective to the whole situation. However, we cannot deny the fact that it will soon emerged into a conflicting issues that needs to be done in accordance to the law. Coming from the novel Nineteen Eighty-four by Orwell the statement robbing its citizens of their capacity for critical thought a nd reasonable, authentic self-expression is true not only from the past but also in the present and will still exists in the future. It is a fear we too, in our modern society, must share, or argue that his fear is exaggerated or even unfounded.Because of the cases that were explained above, people could not be able to express themselves because hey are becoming ignorant to what is true and right. I can say that it is better to recognize the truth despite of the failure that it may cause rather than doing some actions and hoping that there would be a brighter future but actually, there would be no solution to the problem is more miserable. Our political, social, economic, and even personal aspects of living are full of doublespeak words and languages. This is because we are not always open to reality and truth for we do not want to be rejected, obligated, and failure.Most often, we keep on hiding from our blankets to escape from the certainty of everything. That is why, in order to minimize these cases, people are already doing lesser projections to reduce absurd feelings that may cause tension and despair. However, does political aspect needs these cases to lard the burdens of the future. Logically, we know that political cases and aspects should be honest when it comes to its decision, preferences, and problems because its citizens are the primary affected from all of it.Nevertheless, this is not the situation today. There are some situations or maybe almost problematic situations that are hidden from the knowledge of the people for it will bring terrible conflict to the country. If the government could not control the situation and people knew about it, the president or the leader will explain but it will use doublespeak words or languages to make the people more roaring and to lessen their fright, but up to what extent? Things like these happened after the September 11, 2001 attack in New York.The president claim that the country is already safe from te rror attacks but he did not state any problem after the terror attack. He used doublespeak words to make its people less frightened from the whole situation but he did not say anything about the defenseless cases and problem within the white house that the terrorists already warned them but they did not pay attention to it. In this case, they did not want to be blamed so they made some segues and focused on the future having no further justifications of the past and the present.In our time, it is broadly true that political writing is bad writing. Where it is not true, it will generally be found that the writer is some kind of rebel, expressing his private opinions and not a party line. Orthodoxy, of whatever color, seems to demand a lifeless, imitative style. The political dialects to be found in pamphlets, leading articles, manifestoes, discolour papers and the speeches of undersecretaries do, of course, vary from party to party, but they are all alike in that one almost never f inds in them a fresh, vivid, homemade subprogram of speech.As a whole, Orwells novel is a revelation of the past situations that still exists today. Language is not a problem but the people who used the language based on their intentions and desire. If they choose not to be obligated and answerable to the problem, they will use doublespeak words, but if we think of it, who will be responsible for all of those problems if no one is honest about everything? Is it the future generation, or our ancestors?

Intro Speech Self-Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Intro Speech Self-Evaluation EssayThere was a bit of a confusion between us she explained to me that the assignment was that we each had to write just about each other and then switch papers and read it in class. This didnt sound right to me because the way I understood the assignment was that I had to write about her and she had to write about myself. This ended up being the case since I told the professor our little situation and agreed with my explanation of the assignment. I could of improved in having better communication with my partner and emailing the professor before the due date to help us with our doubts. I also didnt stand much time to practice my speech due to a busy weekend. I only had about 2 hours on Monday night to practice in front of an audience. This led me to actually be nervous and a bit anxious over this speech, especially with the disagreeing over the actual instructions of this assignment.On my paper, it is utter that my speech was only 52 seconds whi ch was very short compared to the 1.5 minutes that we had to achieve. For my next speech I now know that I have to slow blue when speaking which is linked to having practice time especially in front of people. This assignment unfeignedly made me feel a bit more favorable with public speaking which really made me happy because it made me realize this class wont be so hard if I really practice and follow the information in our textbook and lessons given by the professor.

Effect of Nuclear Radiation on the Environment

Effect of Nuclear Radiation on the EnvironmentMohamad HammoudIntroductionBy the early 17th century, certain galvanic devices and power generators were being invented by certain scientists, who did not yet know that they were scratching the surface to a much more dangerous sort of energy, to be disc overed by scientist Einstein a hardly a(prenominal) centuries later. This form of energy to be produced through a substance named Uranium was to be introduced as a more efficient power source. However, the process with which this energy was created was to be exploited, which would result in what is known today as The Weapons of Mass Destruction.The use of such form of powerful energy for certain military uses can result in horrific results. A quick study shows that even a minor cont oddity would quickly decline the world climate and environment, inflicting harm that could last for decades. Richard Turco, a scientist at the UCLA said that exploding only between 30 and 70 projectiles ju st 0.03% of the inviolate terminal would cause enough pollution to create climatic disasters unseen in the first place in human history. He excessively said the effects would be much greater than what were talking about withglobal warming and anything thats happened in history with regards volcanic eruptions. Summarily, it can alter and damage not only the glory, but also all forms of life such as humans, animals, and plants. (Jha)The Invention of Nuclear Power and MissilesProblems Encountered During CreationThe invention mainly started to take place during midst 1939, just before the inauguration of the second Great War. It all commenced when Albert Einstein and several other scientists wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, informing him of the Nazis efforts to cleanse and exploit Uranium-235, which could be utilise to build a weapon of mass destruction. It was at that moment that FDR decided to begin The Manhattan Project, which was simply to produce a viable nuclear b omb calorimeter. However, thither were many complicated issues to be faced. The most significant of these issues was the inability to extract enriched uranium to maintain a series of reactions. Back then, uranium-235 was extremely difficult to extract, and the ratio of extracted ore to uranium metal was as low as 5001. Furthermore, over 99% of the refined metal from the ore was uranium-238, which was rendered useless for the invention of an atomic bomb. The two antithetic types of isotopes were nearly identical in their chemical makeup, and only possibly separated by mechanical means.Solution of the Problem and Testing of the new Invention before long thereafter, a massive enrichment lab was erected at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Harold Urey and his colleagues came up with an extraction system, which worked on the principles of gas diffusion, while Ernest Lawrence baffle into action a process which snarled magnetic force to separate the two isotopes. A gas centrifuge was then used to separate the lighter uranium-235 from the heavier uranium-238. After this separation, all that was needed was for the scientists to put the concept of atomic fission (which involves splitting the atom) to the test. Overall, approximately two billion dollars were invested into The Manhattan Project. Throughout the entire path, it was a scientist by the name of Robert Oppenheimer who oversaw the progress of the campaign from beginning to end. Finally, the day of testing arrived. It was on July 16, 1945 where it would be found out if the entire project was just a complete dud, or if it would put an end to the massacre. Upon placing the missile in the sea, a massive white gust took place. The light turned red as the power of the volley shot upwards at 360 feet per second. The explosion resembled the shape of a mushroom. The Manhattan Project had been a success. (Bellis)Effect of Nuclear Radiation on HumansImmediate (Short Term) EffectsSurvivors of such a devastating blast will be kill ed within a few days due to radioactive fall-out. The severity of the fall-out will be determined by whether the nuclear bomb explodes in mid-air, or upon impact with the ground. The first of these will leave a larger blast impact. The latter, however, will throw much higher quantities of radioactive junk into the surrounding atmosphere. The area included in this fall-out is strictly dependent upon the wind speed and its direction. The heavier the particle of radioactive debris, the higher the chance it drops in close vicinity. even-textured and rather smaller particles, however, are thrown over longer distances before their fall. Some of these particles are so fine that they can combine with vaporized wet and fall as radioactive rain 1700 miles from the original blast. Anyone who is in the range of this radioactivity will suffer from hair loss, internal bleeding, fever, bleeding from the gums, and terminal coma. much(prenominal) of these have no effective medicine and are fatal . (Carnegie)Long Term EffectsGenetic studies on the children of nuclear bomb survivors who were exposed to the atmosphere afterwards was conducted by the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission and the Radiation Effects Research Foundation ever since 1948. The analysis of past studies shows signs of abnormal pregnancy outcomes deformation, miscarriage and early child death. Other effects include chromosome aberrations. Chromosome aberrations can be defined as an extra, irregular, or missing portion of a certain chromosomal DNA. This alteration of chromosomes can cause several inborn diseases due to aneuploidy. An example of such a human disease is Down syndrome, where the affected have lead copies of chromosome 21 instead of a natural two. (Nakamura)Effect of Nuclear Bombs on the Climate and AtmosphereGeneral Effects on the ClimateAlthough there has been a two-thirds decrease in the worlds nuclear arsenal since 1987, scientific research clarifies that the results of even a minor nuclear w ar can end human history and leave mother earth inhabitable. Studies conducted at several U.S universities predict that the explosion of a tiny amount of the global nuclear storage within large metropolitan areas would cause catastrophic disruptions in the Earths climate and massive destruction of out protective ozone layer. Studies conclude that a small or rather regional conflict between two nations such as India and Pakistan would disrupt the climate for decades to come.DetailsIn a small-scale war, denotation of about 100 Hiroshima-sized bombs under half a percent of the worlds arsenal- would send over five million tons of pornography and smoke over cloud-level. This could prevent almost 10% of the sunlight from reaching the northern hemisphere this smoke and soot can remain in the atmosphere for a couple of decades. This would cause average surface temperatures beneath this layer to become lower than it has ever been in the last 1000 years. However, if a big war event was to take place, and the United States and U.S.S.R ere to launch their full arsenal, over 150 million tons of smoke would rise above cloud-level. This would block over 75% of sunlight from reaching the northern hemisphere, and 30% of sunlight from reaching the southern hemisphere. Under such extreme and severe conditions, it only requires a few days for the temperatures to drop below freezing levels in agricultural areas. Average surface temperatures would become colder than it has ever been in the past 18,000 years which coincides with the peak of the forward ice age. Rainfall would decrease by 90%, growing seasons would be completely eliminated, and the majority of the human and animal populations would die of starvation.

Universalism and Relativism in Human Rights

cosmopolitanism and Relativism in merciful RightsOne of the around pertinent issues of the past twenty years has been the mesh between two contrary ideologies of gentle rights on a national scale, oecumenicism, and heathenish relativism. Universalism holds that more primitive tillages will eventually evolve to aim the comparable system of law and rights as westward polishs. Cultural relativists hold an opposite, but similarly rigid viewpoint, that a traditional culture is unchangeable. Much like the enquiry whether a tolerant society should tolerate intolerance, the argumentation between universalism and cultural relativism is more convoluted than it appears.In universalism, an individual is a social unit, possessing inalienable rights, and determined by the pursuit of self interest. In the cultural relativist model, a community is the basic social unit. Concepts such as individualism, let offion of choice, and tintity argon absent. It is recognized that the commu nity always comes first. This doctrine has been exploited by more states, which decry any impositions of occidental rights as cultural imperialism. These states ignore that they have adopted the western nation state, and the goal of modernization and economic prosperity. Cultural relativism is in itself a very arbitrary image, cultures are rarely unified in their viewpoints on different issues, it is always those who hold the microph unitary that do not polish off (http//www.aasianst.org/Viewpoints/Nathan.htm).This converse begs the school principal that in precisely what way are world rights western. And even if they were Western in 1948, are they still Western today?Cultural relativism continues to problematize the Universal Declaration of gentleman Rights since it was adopted in 1948 . In fact, the problem of what universality capacity mean in a multicultural world haunted the United Nations merciful Rights project from the beginning. As soon as news of the project b ecame known, the American Anthropological Association, through the groups executive board, warned the humane Rights Commission through a letter against drafting a statement of rights only in terms of the set prevalent in the countries of Western Europe and America. However, while the anthropologists working from within a framework of cultural relativism issued a warning, the UNESCO Committee on the The Theoretical Bases of Human Rights offered hope by pointing out that even people who contactm to be far apart in theory can agree that certain things are so terrible in expend that no one will publicly approve them and that certain things are so good in practice that no one will publicly oppose them.Whenever one group denies rights to another group within a culture, it is usually for their own benefit. Therefore kind rights cannot be truly universal unless they are not bound to cultural decisions that are often not make unanimously, and thus cannot re get either individual that t hese rights apply to.Even though cultural relativism has great problems and a potential for abuse, universalism in its current state is not the ideal solution. Universalism is used by many Western states to negate the validity of more traditional systems of law. For example, if a tribe in Africa is ruled by a chieftain and advised by the cardinal most senior villagers, is this system any less representative than the more liberal societies of the West? Is it possible to impose a universal system of kind rights if the effects of social change stemming from modernization are not understood or worse yet, ignored? In non-Western societies, industrialization, capitalism, and democracy might not have been the eventual outcome of the play of cultural evolution. These ideologies have been shaped and created by Western imperialism, the slave trade, colonialism, modernization, and consumerism.Todays world shows signs of positive progress towards the universal system of benevolent rights. T he declaration of human rights occurred immediately after the atrocities committed during WWII. The globalization of human rights began when the world was awakened to the crimes committed under one government (Hitler), and the need for a more universal system of accountability and responsibility. Through a forum such as the United Nations, cultural differences are better able to be resolved, thereby paving the way for universalism while at the same time recognizing and compromising on the needs of certain cultures. The recent adoption of the International unlawful court in June 1998 is an important step in enforcing and promoting the values agreed upon by the member nations. As the world becomes a smaller place with the sexual climax of globalization, universalism makes more sense as a philosophy of human rights. In a world where many people might not be governed by national borders, having fundamental human rights instead of ones bound to certain cultures provides the best soluti on.The question of Westernness versus the universality of human rights remained a live issue throughout the process that led to the framing of the UDHR.In the 1950s the UDHR came under criticism as being Western at the hands of the newly independent states of Asia and Africa. And in the commove of the Cold War, its perceived emphasis on policy-making and civil rights also allowed the countries of the Soviet Bloc to skewer it as such, with the Third World whole toneing on in wonder if the white mans burden was being explouted once again to secure the white mans gain.In 1996, Prime Minister Mohammad Mahathir of Singapore famously say Asian values are universal values. European values are European values.(p. xi) Kishore Madhubani writes that any Asian thinker who challenged the prevailing Western ideas in coetaneous social and political theory must be advocating the superiority of Asian values. Actually, the only point that most Asians were trying to make was that Asian values wer e not inferior. They were trying to say that there was a need for a level playing field in the new intellectual debate of the 1990s. With the advantage of diachronic hindsight, we can now look at those years and see that Asians were not marching out in that period to proselytize to the West, They are only reacting to Western proselytization.The capital of Massachusetts Sunday Globe on 29th April 2001 carried a sp con entitled the BIG IDEA followed by the title Are Human Rights Universal? Or is the West imposing its philosophy on the Rest of the World. It also carried two pieces elaborating divergent perspectives, one by Makau Mutua and the other by John Shattuck, Boston Sunday Globe, 29 April 2001, p. D8. Perhaps it is the intuition of Makau Mutua on this point which finds fuller expression in the following remarks byUpendra Baxi The more human rights are hailed as the patrimony of the West, the greated is the inclination in most Euroamerican societies towards world hegemony. Als o keener, as a result, is the intergovernmental desire in some non-Euroamerican societies to reject the cardinal aspiration affirming partake worth of all human beings. not merely repressive regimes but also progressive intellectuals in these societies remain ambivalent towards contemporary human enunciations. And (as Chapter 6 illustrates) progressive Eurocentrism inclines us all towards a postmodernist crtitique of notions of human rights. Authentic intercultural, or even inter-faith, dialogue remains a casualty of warped approaches to histories of human rights ideas and practices.(p. vi of The Future of Human Rights) The principal msg of this work is that the originary authors of human rights are people in struggle and communities of resistance, which standard scholarship demotes to a minor status Once claims to authorship stand thus pluralized, it follows simply that human rights are not the gifts of the West to the Rest the dominant discourse is diversionary when it locates the origins of human rights in the Euroamerican tradition and experience and when it pursues endless debates over universality and relativism of human rights.(p. xiv) There is no unified Asian view in human rights and exemption of the press. These are Western concepts. Asians are obliged to react to them An understanding of the Asian reactions is clouded by the fact that many Asians feel obliged to pay at least lip service to Western values.The universalist theory of Human Rights is indeed largely based on Western philosophy and the value it places on the individual. Product of Greek philosophy, Christianity and the Enlightenment thinkers, the universalist approach to Human Rights contends that one can use nature, God, or reason to identify basic rights, inherent to every human, which pre-exist society. Jack Donnelly best summarizes the contemporary doctrine of the universalist approach by putting forward the following conclusions1. All humans have rights by virtue of their humanit y2. A persons rights cannot be conditioned by gender or national or ethnic origin3. Human Rights exist universally as the highest moral rights, so no rights can be subordinated to another person (e.g. a husband) or an institution (e.g. the state)By contrast, cultural relativism is based on the idea that there are no objective standards by which others can be judged. The debate between universalism and relativism is as old as the history of philosophy itself and its watchword of truth. Relativism was introduced by, among others, the sophist Protagoras. He rejected objective truth by saying in so many words, later quoted by PlatoThe way things appear to me, in that way they exist for me and the way things appear to you, in that way they exist for you.It is a perfect reflection of the European Enlightenment Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau are its spiritual creative activity fathers. Indeed the Covenant insists on negative rights, those that limit the role of government and p revent its intrusion in ones life, concealment, and freedom of speech, religion, opinion and association. Political liberalism thus outlined has been the force underlying the US Constitution and the US Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the French Constitution. It is also the emphasis of the International Human Rights legislating and thus legitimizes the efforts by the West to spread-some say impose-Western models of democracy.This is a first level of contention brought forward by cultural relativism proponents. To limit the role of government and its discussion of nationals is an interference with domestic affairs and a violation of state sovereignty, which for most of them is newly acquired and still fragile. The debate in very simple terms could read as follows As soon as we (usually Third World countries) are granted independence and sovereignty, you (the West) introduce Human Rights and your style of government as a limit or as a condi tion.Indeed, the old mission civilisatrice is now replaced by the spread of multiparty democracy. Christianization, civilization, democratization the rhetoric has changed, the interference has not. Furthermore, there is still the underlying concept that Western culture, because it legitimizes itself behind its pretension to universality, also positions itself as superior to non-western culture. Universalism becomes Westernization.A question remains, if it is westernization, then westernization for what purpose? Once again we need to look back at the history of political liberalism and its expression in the modern Human Rights doctrine. Locke cannot be separated from Adam Smith. Central to a western translation of fundamental freedoms is the right to property. Economic liberalism and political liberalism are brothers and in Western philosophy they are Siamese twins. The freedom to vote is often translated in the freedom to consume and/or the freedom to invest. It is very important t hat one billion Chinese be free to vote and express their opinion as coarse as they also choose to buy Motorolas and Marlboros.The link between Western-defined Human Rights and globalization of the economies explains the virulence of the West on the issues of fundamental freedoms. In other terms, critics agree that the universalist discourse barely hides a Western attempt to give a moral legitimization to an economic agenda. The ultimate contradiction lies in the fact that political liberalism has supported the same economic liberalism that has legitimized, for example, the Structural Adjustment Programs of the IMF. The SAPs in turn have been the catalyst for the curtailment of political freedoms and human rights in many growth countries.That the universal Human Rights discourse can disguise a hidden agenda is certainly undeniable. But does this mean by contrast that the cultural relativist discourse is agenda-free? Lets place it under scrutiny.The first level of criticism of the use of cultural relativism as an exception to universal norms, lies in the fact that bringing forward culture at a given time is to fundamentally ignore the dynamic and fluid nature of culture. Cultural relativism adopts a static definition of culture a snapshot of a group of people and their system of meaning at a given time with the underlying assumption that they will not change. It introduces in the paradigm an element of determinism that has no factual or historical relevance. Static definitions of culture also lead to such statement as traditional communicable ethnic hatred, which explain conflict in terms of culture, obliterating in the process all other determining parameters such as political economy.However, cultural relativisms most fundamental weakness in the work towards Human Rights lies in the conflict of interest between the people who articulate the argument and those they represent. More often than not, cultural relativism is claimed by repressive regimes whose pr actices have nothing to do with local or indigenous cultures but more with their own self-preservation.4 Cultural policymakers are those who can let loose for the group and articulate the group values to the outside world. Such spokesmen are likely to only stress the elements insuring their position. This is especially important in multi-ethnic or multi-cultural states where not only would it be difficult to establish a national identity based on cultural values but also where one group dominates the others at best, blatantly discriminates at worst. Would someone attempt to define what is the culture in Bosnia-Herzegovina? Or in Rwanda? Culture is a construct some(prenominal) more so than a reality and people can always find different levels of allegiance. Indeed, one critique of cultural relativism is that it leads to fragmentation. Cultural relativism as a tool is a legitimization of a behavior designed to preserve a structure of powers.In a study on Iranian women, Karen Miller i llustrates that in rejecting the aspirational character if universalism, relativism merely perpetuates traditional practice. Miller insists notably on the fact that generally women have not taken a large part in determining the culture because traditionally, male activities have set the standards. In fact, violence against women seems to be common in many cultures.5IV. Reconcilability of the Two Approaches.Neither universalism nor cultural relativism is exempt of political manipulations. Does that mean that neither view carries some validity? Furthermore, if they each carry some validity, are they mutually exclusive?To answer the first question by the affirmative-neither is valid, Human Rights paradigms are tools, therefore they do not have intrinsic values-would be reducing critical thinking to syllogism. Letas more importantly see if both notions can and should be reconciled in theory and in practice. That there exist profound differences of perceptions among cultures or groups of people according to their history, language, and economic slew might be true. Does that mean that there exist among them no common points? Not necessarily. It is in truth quite remarkable to do a comparative textual analysis between Confucius and Locke and to see how both at different times, insist on the centrality of the concept of Humanity in defining individuals.64 Donnelly, Jack.5 Miller, K. Human Rights of Women in Iran the Universalist Approach and the Relativist Response. http//www.law.emory.edu/EILR/volumes/win96/miller.html6 Nicoll, N. Confucianism and Human Rights, unpublished paper.Secondly, disagreeing with the content of what is now presented as universal does not have to mean that there are no values or norms universally agreed upon. Western values may not be universal but it does not mean that universal values do not exist.This leads us to a level of conciliation that would embody a true cross-cultural search of what can be universally agreed upon. Universal standa rds should be the goals while cultural legitimacy would offer a method. This would be made that much more relevant if those defining the culture were not those in power. The search of commonalties would (in theory) bypass the structures of power. It could forge a necessary dialectic between external attempts to build a universal system and the congenital assistance of various civil societies.V. The Obstacle of LawIt is precisely at this juncture that we see how the debate between universalism and relativism has contributed to perpetuate a situation that has actually hindered, more than benefited, the cause of Human Rights. The defense of Human Rights has been presented as a legal endeavor among state actors. The debate is essentially a legal debate when texts of external law are being drafted. Discussions then follow on what understanding to give to the term degrading treatment or what reservations can a domestic legislation make in the name of religion, culture or constitution (in the case of the US).The debate concentrates on the content of the legislation or its version or application in domestic law, never on the means itself the fact that there is an over reliance on law to address Human Rights issues. Actually if there is a western influence, it is to be found in that domain. Law as an absolute value is permeating the international realm. In international law nation-states are both creators and parties. In Human Rights, like in any other domain, states are not going to create universal or local structures that bypass their level of control. The western idea that a good litigation can solve all problems is also present in Human Rights doctrine. The fact is that the Human Rights legislation, which by nature of the international system lacks serious mechanism of enforcement, has acted as a smokescreen and has often diverted efforts and resources from other venues. triumph is claimed when a given country finally adopts an international treaty or adequately adapts its domestic law, i.e. China signs the ICCPR or Kenya outlaws female circumcision. Efforts can then stop or more realistically, MFN status can be renewed.The issue of course is that most people whose rights are violated do not have equal access to the law-especially true for women in many countries. What difference would a change in the legislation make when you cannot drive or go to an urban center, or for that matter, even read?In addition, the nature itself of the existing legislation on Human Rights has indeed under western influence, favored such rights as privacy and property. The legislation has erected a wall between the public theatre and the private sphere to better protect those rights. This has been ultimately catastrophic for womens rights for most violations of women happen in the private sphere. This is really a domain where one can witness how both theories, universalism and relativism, have had a negative impact by creating a replicate standard. Men readil y accepting western norms of respect for privacy and property and women made to bare the brunt of cultural authenticity within a private sphere made untouchable by virtue of respect for fundamental freedoms.ConclusionThe debate between universalism and relativism should be a non-issue. Universal goals and cultural sensitivities can be reconciled in the establishment of realistic strategies. However the debate in its present form contributes to divert attention from more important issues. Is International Law, made by states, the right venue to improve human rights? The effective protection of Human Rights requires a transformation not only of government and laws but of the non-state institutions and practices that the present Human Rights doctrine-universal or relative-does not touch.

Positivism Interpretivism And Pragmatism Psychology Essay

Positivism Interpretivism And Pragmatism Psychology EssayHussey Hussey say that methodology makes reference to the whole set out considered, as well as to the theoretical al-Qaeda from which the researcher comes, and that method is the various steerings by which information is collected and analysed.In this chapter, the res for each oneer has presented a brief review of the different research philosophies favourableness, interpretivism, and realism (Fisher, 2007), the philosophy that has espouse for the current research, the different research approaches soft, quantitative and mixed-method and the approach adopted for the research. The other parts consist of the different types of research throw exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, and the research design adopted, the qualitative and quantitative phases consisting of sampling, entropy collection and data outline, questionnaire design, validity and reliability, data analysis. The last part consists of the ethical issues and a conclusion.3.2 Research philosophyAs menti iodind in the introduction, there be three main types of research philosophies, namely, positivism, interpretivism, and pragmatism (realism).3.2.1 PositivismThe term positivism was found by Comte in the nineteenth century and he related it to the force of science and of systematic thinking to understand and control the world (Fisher, 2007). The aim of positivism is to produce general rules to forecast bearing with a minimum margin of uncertainty. However, there are problems with this philosophy, one of which is that it can only predict amount behavior of individuals in a group and not the behavior of each individual (Fisher, 2007). Nonetheless, research based on a positivist philosophy tends to be based on deductive theorising, where a number of propositions are generated for examening, with empirical verification then sought (Babbie, 2005). Considerable data are often required as a positivist education would favour the utilise of quantitative methods to analyse full-size-scale phenomena (Travers, 2001). Inherent in this boilers suit approach to research is the view that it is possible to measure social behaviour independent of place setting and that social phenomena are things that can be viewed objectively (Hughes Sharrock, 1997).InterpretivismThis philosophy is on the other extreme of that of positivism. Researchers who adopt this philosophy consider reality as soci all toldy constructed, that is, their meaning of reality is affected by their value and their way to see the world other peoples meaning the compromises and agreements that come out of the negotiations among the first ii (Fisher, 2007). Interpretive research has been classified as gnostic because it does not agree to the fact that there is the existence of a systematic analysis of any position changeject instead, it gives magnificence to multiplicity, relativity and complexity (Fisher, 2007).It is an attempt to understand the proce sses by which we gain knowledge and so it has affinity with the original gnostic search for ones unfeigned self. A characteristic of interpretive research is that one cannot understand how others may make sense of things unless one has a deep knowledge of ones personal values and thinking processes, which in research terms the knowledge is known as reflexivity (Fisher, 2007).RealismRealist research is an approach that resembles to a large close that of positivism but put one overs into consideration, and comes to terms with, the subjective record of research and the paramount function of values in it (Fisher, 2007). Realism still aims to be scientific but makes less claims to knowledge that perfectly mirrors the objects of study. Researchers with this stance recognise that things such as strategy and job satisfaction cannot be measured and studied in the same way as can chemical and physical processes. However, they do believe that a worthwhile attempt can be made to fix these subjects and treat them as if they are independent variables.3.2.2 Research philosophy adoptedThe correct choice and understanding of philosophical orientation is of extreme importance to allow the selection of the close convenient methodology to facilitate the gathering of the relevant data (Remenyi et al, 1998 Blaxter et al, 2004), especially as poor understanding of philosophical issues can seriously lower the whole step of the research (Easterby-Smith, 2006).Having studied the different philosophical approaches and considered the nature of the current research, the researcher has decided an overall view of a scholars attitude and perception was necessary so as to get a better understanding of students views. This type of research required the participation of a large population sample, which in turn created large amounts of numerical and statistical data and information, which needed to be quantifiably analysed. When all these factors were taken into account, realism was the most appropriate philosophical approach to cause the research questions and twin the objectives of the current research.3.3 Research approach3.3.1 numerical approachQuantitative methods are most often associated with the positivist epistemology, and they consist of counting and measurement of events and statistical analysis of a body of numerical data (Mc Laren, 2012). An important feature of the quantitative method is the collection of numerical data (Jack Clarke, 1998) which can ultimately be subjected to statistical procedures (Carter 2000a).3.3.2 Qualitative approachQualitative research consists of the study of events in their natural settings, with a view to qualification sense of, or interpreting, events of how people interpret (Mc Laren, 2012). Normally, in the empirical type of approach the responsibility is on researchers to direct and control methods to attain objectivity, thus making sure that their findings are valid as their intentions and emotions would not be see n as a barrier with data collection and analysis (Mc Laren, 2012).Mixed method approachMixed methods embrace a method and philosophy that combines the insights provided by qualitative and quantitative methods into a workable solution. Mixed methods research makes full use of the positive parts of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies by combining approaches in a single research study to enhance the scope of understanding (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie, and Turner 2007).3.3.2 Research approach adoptedAs mentioned by Bryman (2007), a combination of qualitative and quantitative results would lead to a better understanding of the data and help in a better way to set to the research objectives. As the education sector research field keeps on changing, so too does its methods and therefore the researcher has utilize the mixed method approach for the current research.3.4 Research design3.4.1 There are three main types of research design, namely, exploratory, descriptive and causal.Explo ratory designThis design places a lot of vehemence on gaining ideas and insights. An exploratory study intends to explore what is happening to seek new insights to ask questions and to assess the phenomena in a new light (Robson, 2002, p59). It is important primarily when there is very little information known about the phenomenon. In a type of mixed-method design, the qualitative data are gathered first and a quantitative phase follows. The purpose of this kind of study is typically to use the initial, qualitative phase with a few individuals to identify themes, ideas, perspectives, and beliefs that can then be used to design the larger-scale, quantitative part of the study. Often, this kind of design is used to develop a see. By employ a qualitative component in the beginning, researchers are able to use the language and emphasis on different topics of the subjects in the wording of items for the vista.Doing so increases the validity of the scores that result because they will be well matched with how the subjects, rather than the researchers, think about, conceptualize, and respond to the phenomenon being studied.Explanatory designExplanatory study aims to find out the causal births between variables (Saunders et al., 2007). In an explanatory design, which may be the most common type, quantitative data are collected first and, depending on the results, qualitative data are gathered irregular to elucidate, elaborate on, or explain the quantitative findings. Typically, the main thrust of the study is quantitative, and the qualitative results are secondary. For example, this kind of design could be used to study schoolroom assessment and grading. A large sample of teachers could be surveyed to determine the extent to which they use different factors in classroom assessment and grading this would provide a general overview of the teachers practices. In a second phase, teachers could be selected who represent extremely high or low scores on the factors in the survey. These teachers could then be interviewed using a qualitative method to determine why they used certain practices. Thus, the qualitative phase would be used to augment the statistical data and thus explain the practices.Descriptive designDescriptive study seeks to provide a clear picture about the phenomenon as it already occurs (Hedrick et al., 1993). Research using a descriptive design simply provides a summary of an existing phenomenon by using numbers to characterize individuals or a group where it assesses the nature of existing conditions (McMillan Schumacher, 1997). The purpose of most descriptive research is limited to characterizing something as it is.3.4.2 Research design adoptedSince a mixed method approach has been used for this research, a mixture of both exploratory and explanatory designs was used.3.5 Qualitative phaseData to answer some questions was collected by using a qualitative approach. This allowed the researcher to get the opinion of cut down VI students about what they thought of orphic tuitions at S.C take aim (Appendix 2).3.5.1 SamplingFor this part of the study, a reasonable and recyclable sample of four schools was chosen as mentioned by Mcmillan and Schumacher (1997) who made the argument that a good sample was one where the participants were readily accessible. The four schools were chosen with one in each educational zone, where 10 students were selected to ensure adequate information (Marshall, 1998). Due to the fact that I have used steering groups to collect data, 10 students were a reasonable sample per school.3.5.2 Data collectionFocus groupsFor the qualitative part of the study, data was collected from Lower VI students of the four selected schools by revolve about group interviews. The focus groups for the students had been chosen since they took less time and more information was collected from different participants at the same time (Daymon Holloway, 2002). Another advantage of focus groups was that the information obtained from the participants was of good pure tone since the individuals in the group got ideas from others (McMillan Schumacher, 1997). The interview of each focus group was at least one hour and thirty minutes. A tape recorder was used to collect data which was later transcribed.3.5.3 Data analysisThe data which had been recorded in a tape was transcribed and analysed.3.6 Quantitative phaseThe information collected from the qualitative interviews in Phase 1 was used in the education of a comprehensive and valid questionnaire for quantifying the views of students on reclusive tuitions. The items derived from the qualitative interview transcripts was administered to a large sample of students, including boys and girls and factor analyzed to uncover the internal structure of the views of the students on nonpublic tuitions.3.6.1 SamplingIn this study, a mixture of purposeful and convenient sampling was used (McMillan Schumacher, 1997). In order to determine the sample size, confidence interval approach was used which is based on the building up of confidence intervals around the sample means by making use of the standard error formula (Malhotra Dash, 2007). By making use of the formula for determining the sample size for a population of 13902 students having taken part at the S.C examinations 2012, the researcher got a value of 384. As a result, a total of 400 questionnaires were distributed to students of Lower VI, both from State and P.S.S.A colleges in all regions of Mauritius. The questionnaires were distributed equally among boys and girls to avoid bias in the collection of data.3.6.2 Data collectionA letter was sent to each school to explain the purpose of the study and for permission to distribute the questionnaires to Lower VI students (Appendix 1). The questionnaire was handed personally to the selected students, the aims of the survey were explained and the make full questionnaires were collected after 2 days.3.6.3 Questionnai re designMost of the time, questionnaires contain two types of questions open ended or disagreeable(a) (Sinnott, 2008).With open-ended questions the researcher gives the opportunity to the answerer as to how they write their answer making way to a more in-depth answer. However they are more difficult to classify into groups to facilitate analysis. A closed question will restrain the answer that may be given and usually asks the respondent to choose among a variety of possibilities given by the researcher.However, closed questions help the respondent to complete the questionnaire quickly and they also help the researcher to classify the information and analyse the data with great ease (Sekaran, 1992 McNeil et al, 2005). For this research, a survey questionnaire was designed for the collection of data which contains multiple options of Likert scaling from 0 to 4 for the variety of choice for the respondent (Appendix 3). The questionnaire consisted of six sections, with section A con sisting of two questions on general information about secret tuitions (number of hours students took private tuitions per week, number of subjects in which the students took private tuitions), section B consisting of nineteen questions on positive impacts of private tuitions at S.C level from the students stoppage of view, section C consisting of ten questions on the negative impacts of private tuitions at S.C level from the students point of view, section D consisting of nine questions on the extent to which private tuitions at S.C level are replacing mainstream schooling from students point of view,section E consisting of two questions with respect to improvement of academic performance from the students point of view and the last section consisting of six questions concerning the demographic profile of the student.3.6.4 Data analysisThe data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The answer for each question provided by the student was fed into SPSS version 20. The gender of students, type of school, the region in which the student lives, the attempt at S.C examination 2012, the socioeconomic status of the student, the number of hours during which the student took private tuitions per week, the highest educational attainment of the students parents were analysed by making use of pie charts and bar charts. For the sections B, C and D, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was do in order to group the answers obtained for the different questions into some main factors, with the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test being performed to verify whether EFA could be done. The different factors were found out by making use of the eigenvalue in SPSS version 20 which was set at a value of greater than 1. The factor loading of each variable forming part of each factor was also calculated by making use of the rotated matrix table in SPSS version 20. Some questions which were in the different sections had to be deleted due to cross loadi ng, low loading factor, or theoritically the grouping of the question with others did not make sense. Secondly, hypotheses and sub-hypotheses were made for each research objective and each sub hypothesis was subjected to chi square testing where a crosstab was generated and the value of 2 and the p value were analysed, together with the phi value to see the degree of association, if ever.Objective 1 To find out the positive impacts of private tuitions on the overall development of the student at S.C level.H0 There is no relationship between private tuitions and the overall development of the student at S.C level.H1 There is a relationship between private tuitions and the overall development of the student at S.C level.In order to test for the above hypothesis, the following sub-hypotheses were tested for the different factors found by EFA.Sub-hypothesesFactor 1 Economic/ passage benefitsH0 There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and economic/career benefits fo r the student in the future.H1 There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and economic/career benefits for the student in the future.Factor 2 Better academic performance and more effortsH0 There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and better academic performance/more efforts.H1 There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and better academic performance/more efforts.Factor 3 Increased level of socialisation with friendsHo There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and increased level of socialisation of the student.H1 There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and increased level of socialisation of the student.Factor 4 Better quality of teaching in private tuitionsH0 There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and better quality of teaching.H1 There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and better quality of teaching.Objective 2 To find out the negati ve impacts of private tuitions on the overall development of the student at S.C level.H0 There is no relationship between private tuitions and the overall development of the student at S.C level.H1 There is a relationship between private tuitions and the overall development of the student at S.C level.In order to test for the above hypothesis, the following sub-hypotheses were tested.Sub-hypothesesFactor 1 Negative psychological modify students concerning private tuitionsH0 There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and the negative psychological factors affecting the student concerning private tuitions.H1 There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and the negative psychological factors affecting the student concerning private tuitions.Factor 2 Deterioration of health of the student who takes private tuitionsH0 There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and deterioration of the health of the student.H1 There is a relationsh ip between private tuitions at S.C level and deterioration of the health of the student.Factor 3 Lack of family and leisure time faced by student who takes private tuitionsH0 There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and lack of family and leisure time by the student.H1 There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and lack of family and leisure time by the student.Objective 3 To find out to what extent private tuitions are replacing mainstream schooling.Factor 1 Higher level of importance of private tuitions as compared to mainstream schoolingH0 There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and their level of importance from the students point of viewH1 There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and their level of importance from the students point of viewFactor 2 More care and attention from private tutors than teachers at schoolH0 There is no relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and students ge tting more care and attention from private tutors.H1 There is a relationship between private tuitions at S.C level and students getting more care and attention from private tutorsFinally, a multi regression analysis was carried out to investigate the whether there was a linear relationship between academic performance at S.C level, measured by the grade point average (G.P.A), and socioeconomic status of parents, intensity of private tuitions per week, region in which the student lived, and highest educational attainment of parents.The grade point average is calculated by dividing the aggregate that the student obtained at S.C examinations 2012 by six since the aggregate is calculated for the 6 best grades. The grade point average has a range of 1.00 to 9.00. The lower the grade point average, the better is the academic performance of the student.3.6.5 Validity and reliabilityIn this research, a mixed method approach was adopted which was an efficient way to collect data for specific variables of interest (Collis and Hussey, 2003). The survey questionnaire was developed to get data from students of Lower VI. Contact addresses and numbers were given in covering letter if participants encountered any problem (Appendix 1). It was assured that data would be confidential that can reduce the subject bias. Since the questionnaire was designed in a survey format, it did not face any observer error or bias.Furthermore, items of the survey instrument reliability were measured by the internal consistency method (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). This study applied Cronbachs coefficient alpha to measure the internal reliability of survey, where a value of greater than 0.6 showed fair to very good reliability.Validity of the research was concerned with the extent of research findings which represented what was really happening (Collis and Hussey 2003). In order to avoid low validity, a pilot study was conducted before full scale data collection. Through the pilot study language or any other misconceptions was removed. The validity of each question into the main factors done by EFA was checked by the factor loading in the rotated component matrix, where a factor of greater than 0.5 showed that the question was valid.3.7 Ethical issuesEthical issues are very important to take into consideration when carrying out a survey. According to Neuman (1995), the researcher must protect human rights, control them and make sure that peoples interests are well respected. In this research, all ethical requirements were followed throughout all parts of the research. Before collecting data, permission was sought to the relevant institutions. The survey questionnaire along with supervisors letter was provided during personal visits. The participants were asked to participate on a voluntary basis and given the opportunity to withdraw from participation if they felt to do so. Participants were informed that when they have answered and returned the questionnaire, it was assumed t hat they agreed to participate in this study. All participants were given the assurance that the answers provided will be kept anonimous and strictly confidential.3.8 ConclusionThe chapter starts with an examination of the research process including the philosophical approaches of positivism and phenomenology leading to a debate on the nature of the current research resulting in a mixed method being decided on. Data for this study was collected from students of Lower VI through a survey questionnaire after the qualitative phase which consisted of focus groups interviews. Upon completion of the study, the data was given a code which was fed on to the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for Windows. Lastly, the ethical issues involved in this study were also presented.

Survival In Auschwitz Essay -- essays research papers

Imagine now a man who is deprived of everyone he loves, and at the selfsame(prenominal) time of his house, his habits, his clothes, in short, of everything he possesses he will be a hollow man, reduced to suffering and needs, forgetful of dignity and restraint, for he who loses all a lot easily loses himself. This short quote is taken from Primo Levis Survival in Auschwitz. It depicts a true story of Primo Levi during the Holocaust, who was relocated to an extermination clique after beginning a great life after college. Primo was captured with a resistant group from Italy. He used his college education and degree in chemistry to stay alive.The above quote brings a similar quote to mind. What does it profit a man if he gains the whole world and yet loses his consume soul. That quote is taken from the front wall of St. Aloysius Catholic Church in Olivia, Minnesota. It gives an idea about our savior Jesus Christs life. He spent his whole life teaching the word of God and humanity to all people of any race or religion. These two, Primo Levi and Jesus Christ, lived similar lives.Primo lived growing up as a Jewish citizen during the bad economic times of Europe. Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party blamed this economic tragedy on the Jewish society. Primo tried to fight against this, but like most Jews was found guilty and taken to conservation camps. Here he was giving the risk of what he learned in life...

Globalization and Culture Preservation Essay -- Globalization World Cu

With all(prenominal) passing day the world is shrinking, and the globalisation change is taking place. Advances in communication, transportation, and computer engine room have all played a role in making the world a smaller place. With the aright equipment, people can talk to friends and family from the another(prenominal) side of the world. Traveling from America to Europe, which once required days at sea, now only takes hours in the air. computing machine networking and fax machines allow world businesses to consume negotiations within a matter of seconds. Images and personas such as the McDonaldss golden arches and Mickey Mouse are accept worldwide. When Saddam Hussein was captured, nearly every country knew about it within a matter of hours. Yet, while globalization is taking place, it is not doing so without dispute. many another(prenominal) countries, in fact, feel threatened by westbound culture and consequently, are acting out to preserve their own identiti es. Differences in currency and standardized measurement units indicate hesitancy and possibly sluice an inability for people to accept the conformity of a singular global society. Also, characteristics of contrary cultures are in such a way unique that to emasculate them or blend them into other cultures would, in some peoples opinion, destroy both of them. After all, peerless would not expect to find tacos served in Italian restaurants, nor would one expect pasta and breadsticks to be the major selling items in Mexican restaurants. So, while globalization is taking place on different levels, fundamental differences in culture and pride in ones own heritage both live on as strong forces preventing the emergence of a homogenized world society. As mentioned, technology is one of the strongest forces driving ... ...Japan Tries to Defend Language Against English Invasion. Agence France Presse. 18 exalted 2002. 29 December 2003..3) Anonymous. Japanese Spirit, Weste rn Things. Economist. 10 July 2003. 29 December 2003..4) Pesek Jr., William. Vietnam Embraces Globalization on Own Terms. Manila Times. 21 November 2002. 29 December 2003.5) 2) LaFranchi, Howard. wherefore More Students Are Studying Abroad. Christian Science Monitor. 19 August 2003. 29 December 2003. BibliographyGlobalization. Global Policy Organization. 29 December 2003. . Globalization and elaboration Preservation Essay -- Globalization World CuWith every passing day the world is shrinking, and the globalization process is taking place. Advances in communication, transportation, and computer technology have all played a role in making the world a smaller place. With the right equipment, people can talk to friends and family from the other side of the world. Traveling from America to Europe, which once required days at sea, now only takes hours in the air. Computer networking and fax machines allow world businesses to conduct negotiations within a matter of sec onds. Images and personas such as the McDonaldss golden arches and Mickey Mouse are recognized worldwide. When Saddam Hussein was captured, nearly every country knew about it within a matter of hours. Yet, while globalization is taking place, it is not doing so without dispute. Many countries, in fact, feel threatened by Western culture and consequently, are acting out to preserve their own identities. Differences in currency and standardized measuring units indicate hesitancy and possibly even an inability for people to accept the conformity of a singular global society. Also, characteristics of different cultures are in such a way unique that to alter them or blend them into other cultures would, in some peoples opinion, destroy both of them. After all, one would not expect to find tacos served in Italian restaurants, nor would one expect pasta and breadsticks to be the major selling items in Mexican restaurants. So, while globalization is taking place on different levels, fundamental differences in culture and pride in ones own heritage both exist as strong forces preventing the emergence of a homogenized world society. As mentioned, technology is one of the strongest forces driving ... ...Japan Tries to Defend Language Against English Invasion. Agence France Presse. 18 August 2002. 29 December 2003..3) Anonymous. Japanese Spirit, Western Things. Economist. 10 July 2003. 29 December 2003..4) Pesek Jr., William. Vietnam Embraces Globalization on Own Terms. Manila Times. 21 November 2002. 29 December 2003.5) 2) LaFranchi, Howard. Why More Students Are Studying Abroad. Christian Science Monitor. 19 August 2003. 29 December 2003. BibliographyGlobalization. Global Policy Organization. 29 December 2003. .